CH.1 Practice Quiz

*A research team is testing the hypothesis that exercise increases happiness. What step must they complete next? Select a data analysis approach. Operationally define exercise and happiness. Predict the outcome of the study. Identify potential study participants.

Operationally define exercise and happiness.

Who is known as the founder of psychology? Wilhelm Wundt Sigmund Freud William James Edward Titchener

Wilhelm Wundt

**As part of the _____ process, psychologists are obligated to describe the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and to correct misconceptions that the participants may have had about the research. debriefing confidentiality informed consent deception

debriefing

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of critical thinking? evaluating the evidence hearing all testimonials identifying the claim considering the source

hearing all testimonials

Gabriel is conducting a study on whether physical discomfort reduces cognitive abilities. He plans to have participants solve problems in a controlled environment where he can manipulate the temperature levels in the room. In this experiment, the room temperature is the: confounding variable. independent variable. control. dependent variable.

independent variable.

Gabriel is conducting a study on whether physical discomfort reduces cognitive abilities. He plans to have participants solve problems in a controlled environment where he can manipulate the temperature levels in the room. In this experiment, the room temperature is the: control. independent variable. dependent variable. confounding variable.

independent variable.

Dr. Grantham is designing group interventions to aid in employee communication skills. Of the following options, he MOST likely has a degree in _____ psychology. counseling clinical industrial/organizational personality

industrial/organizational

According to your textbook, magnet therapy, on which Americans currently spend $500 million each year, is considered a type of: pseudoscience. medical science. biological science. psychological science.

pseudoscience.

To ensure that potential differences among study participants are spread out across all experimental conditions, and to conduct sound experimental research, researchers need to use: random selection. treatment variables. random assignment of participants. double-blind techniques.

random assignment of participants.

Scientific confidence in a study's findings is increased if others can successfully _____ the findings. replicate operationalize cite present

replicate

A research team is evaluating the effectiveness of an antianxiety medication. As a participant in this study, Kate is told she is receiving a medication that reduces heart rate and changes her mood. However, she is actually given nothing more than a sugar pill. After taking the pill, Kate starts to feel calm. Her emotional reactions are an example of: confirmation bias. the testing effect. the placebo effect. pseudoscience.

the placebo effect.

Dr. Knapp wants to learn about the political views of college freshmen across the nation. He administers a survey about political views to three large lecture classes consisting of approximately 500 first-year students. Why is this NOT a representative sample? There is no way to confirm whether or not participants answered truthfully. Only first-year students took the survey. Five hundred people is a small percentage of all first-year students. All participants were from one university and likely the same geographic area.

All participants were from one university and likely the same geographic area.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the use of nonhuman animals in psychological research? The degree of control exercised over animal subjects by researchers is much less than that exercised over human subjects. Animal subjects are sometimes used for research that could not feasibly be conducted on human subjects. Animals are much more commonly used in research than humans. It is always unethical to use animals in research.

Animal subjects are sometimes used for research that could not feasibly be conducted on human subjects.

How does the contemporary psychodynamic perspective compare with the psychoanalytic approach proposed by Freud? Both emphasize the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships. The psychodynamic perspective dismisses all of Freud's theories on psychoanalysis but accepts the premise of the importance of early life experiences. Both stress the role of sexual and aggressive conflicts in driving behavior and determining personality. The psychodynamic perspective focuses on conscious thoughts, whereas the psychoanalytic approach focuses on unconscious desires and conflicts.

Both emphasize the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships.

How does the contemporary psychodynamic perspective compare with the psychoanalytic approach proposed by Freud? Both stress the role of sexual and aggressive conflicts in driving behavior and determining personality. The psychodynamic perspective focuses on conscious thoughts, whereas the psychoanalytic approach focuses on unconscious desires and conflicts. Both emphasize the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships. The psychodynamic perspective dismisses all of Freud's theories on psychoanalysis but accepts the premise of the importance of early life experiences.

Both emphasize the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships.

The document that defines the guidelines for psychological research is the: Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Principles of Psychology. Research Domain Criteria. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct.

Is it ever permissible for psychologists to deceive research participants? Yes, deception is always permissible if the participants in a study are informed about it after the study is completed. Yes, deception may be used when the potential findings justify the use of deception because of their scientific, educational, or applied value. No, deception is never permissible. Yes, deception is always permissible as long as no physical harm is caused.

Yes, deception may be used when the potential findings justify the use of deception because of their scientific, educational, or applied value.

What is a hypothesis? a specific statement or prediction that can be empirically tested a set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures to guide researchers in creating questions to investigate a tentative explanation for a phenomenon evidence that is the result of objective observation, measurement, and experimentation

a specific statement or prediction that can be empirically tested

Which definition BEST describes a theory? an assumption the researcher shares with a group of like-minded people a specific statement or prediction that can be empirically tested evidence that is the result of objective observation, measurement, and experimentation a tentative explanation for a phenomenon

a tentative explanation for a phenomenon

Maria, who is trying to properly apply the scientific method in her psychology research study, should do all the following EXCEPT: choose the data that best supports her hypothesis. formulate a specific question that can be tested. design a study to collect relevant data. report the results.

choose the data that best supports her hypothesis.

A couple is concerned that their daughter may be suffering from an eating disorder. To help diagnose and understand her condition better, they would benefit from making an appointment with a(n) _____ psychologist. clinical school educational personality

clinical

The area of psychology that focuses on how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think, is known as the _____ perspective. behavioral cognitive evolutionary positive

cognitive

The information-processing model is a framework used by: cognitive psychologists. biological psychologists. positive psychologists. evolutionary psychologists.

cognitive psychologists.

Derek is about to graduate from college and is entering a graduate program that focuses on the study of the behavior of nonhuman animals. Derek's graduate program is in _____ psychology. experimental biological comparative applied

comparative

Both structuralists and the functionalists emphasized: early childhood experiences. conscious experiences. the study of the purpose of behavior. the individual's need for introspection.

conscious experiences.

Randy and Alex are having problems in their relationship and want to get some insight and perspective to improve the quality of their relationship. Which psychologist focuses on these types of issues? developmental psychologist applied psychologist counselor educational psychologist

counselor

An experiment in which both researchers and participants are unaware of the participants' assigned conditions would be considered a(n) _____ study. cross-sectional single-blind case double-blind

double-blind

The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes the importance of: biological factors early childhood experiences self-determination exposure to reinforcement or punishment.

early childhood experiences

*William James's approach to psychology was heavily influenced by the concept of: free will. evolution. unconsciousness. introspection.

evolution.

A research psychologist whose work reflects the interests of Charles Darwin's first book, On the Origin of Species, is likely a(n) _____ research psychologist. evolutionary humanistic cognitive-behavioral cross-cultural

evolutionary

A researcher demonstrates cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce a change in another factor. This BEST describes: observational research. experimental research. a correlational study. a case study.

experimental research.

Cameron is asked to participate in a psychology research study. Before the study begins, the researcher gives Cameron a document that explains the purpose of the research and the potential risks of participation. It further states that Cameron can withdraw from the research at any time without consequence. In providing Cameron with this statement, the researcher has followed the ethical guideline regarding: deception. confidentiality. scientific awareness. informed consent

informed consent

Cameron is asked to participate in a psychology research study. Before the study begins, the researcher gives Cameron a document that explains the purpose of the research and the potential risks of participation. It further states that Cameron can withdraw from the research at any time without consequence. In providing Cameron with this statement, the researcher has followed the ethical guideline regarding: scientific awareness. deception. confidentiality. informed consent.

informed consent.

The structuralist approach was both applauded and criticized for its emphasis on: the observation of behavior. unconscious motivations. introspection. cross-culturalism.

introspection.

It is important to formulate operational definitions for study variables because it: makes it possible to objectively measure change. prevents the testing effect from skewing the data. allows researchers to determine cause and effect. reduces the risk of confirmation bias.

makes it possible to objectively measure change.

You have discovered in your recent research study that higher self-reported levels of happiness are associated with lower levels of binge-eating behavior. You have just revealed a _____ correlation in your research. nonexistent confounding positive negative

negative

Descriptive methods are research strategies for _____ and describing behavior. observing facilitating predicting manipulating

observing

Descriptive methods are research strategies for _____ and describing behavior. observing manipulating predicting facilitating

observing

Clarke plans to measure happiness based on how frequently a person smiles or laughs. This measure of happiness is called the study's: hypothesis. theory. variable. operational definition.

operational definition.

In a study examining the relationship between anxiety and depression, researchers obtain a correlation coefficient of +.80. This indicates that the relationship between the two variables is: positive and strong. negative and weak. positive and weak. negative and strong.

positive and strong.

**Compared with research designs that artificially manipulate situations, a benefit of naturalistic observation studies is that: researchers can easily analyze extreme, rare, or unusual conditions. the process of collecting and analyzing data is much simpler. results can be generalized to the greater population with more confidence. the risk of bias is significantly reduced.

results can be generalized to the greater population with more confidence.

Compared with research designs that artificially manipulate situations, a benefit of naturalistic observation studies is that: the risk of bias is significantly reduced. results can be generalized to the greater population with more confidence. the process of collecting and analyzing data is much simpler. researchers can easily analyze extreme, rare, or unusual conditions.

results can be generalized to the greater population with more confidence.

Freud believed that human behavior was motivated by unconscious conflicts that almost always involved: fear or anger. needs or wants. idealism or altruism. sex or aggression.

sex or aggression.

A correlation coefficient indicates the: cause-and-effect relationship between two factors. differences between variables. strength of the relationship between two factors. similarities between variables.

strength of the relationship between two factors.

Edward Titchener started a school of thought in psychology called: psychoanalysis. behaviorism. structuralism. functionalism.

structuralism

Edward Titchener started a school of thought in psychology called: psychoanalysis behaviorism functionalism structuralism.

structuralism.

A researcher interested in gathering information from a large group of newlyweds about their experiences, beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes about the challenges and benefits of married life would benefit from using a(n) _____ design for the data collection. interview case study survey experimental

survey

The risk of a study participant being dishonest is MOST likely to be a factor with: surveys. case studies. observational studies. experimental designs.

surveys

Behaviorism differs from psychoanalysis MOST notably in the behaviorists' emphasis on: that which is observable. how behavior aids in adapting to one's environment. the elemental structures of sensations and feelings. the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior.

that which is observable.

A psychologist is studying how childhood aggression varies with the amount of violent video games that are played. Childhood aggression in this study is a(n): operational definition. variable. hypothesis. theory.

variable.