Ch.11

Signals from motor cortex to the spina cord are transmitted via cortical layer(s):

5 to 6

Vibration is detected by:

Merkel receptors.

Which of the following receptors are slowly adapting receptors?

Merkel receptors.

What constitutes the "final common path"?

Motor neurons.

Both the dorsal and ventral spinothalamic tracts send their signals to the _____ nucleus of the thalamus.

Ventrolateral.

A homunculus is:

a representation of the body in sensory and motor cortex.

The inability to accurately complete a plan of motor action is called:

apraxia.

A tumor or damage to the midline of the cerebellum seriously disrupts:

balance, eye movements, and upright posture.

Action potentials in the semicircular canals are stimulated by:

bending hair cells.

The globus pallidus is an internal component of the basal ganglia that is involved with:

determining whether a movement will be weak or strong.

In the basal ganglia, excitation is to______ as inhibition is to______.

direct pathway; indirect pathway.

The haptic and proprioceptive axons form the:

dorsal spinothalamic tract.

information from the ______ crosses to the other side of the brain in the brainstem, whereas the _______ crosses to the other side of the brain in the spinal cord.

dorsal spinothalamic tract; ventral spinothalamic tract.

Somatosensory information is carried from the body to the CNS by the:

dorsal-root ganglion neurons.

The vestibular system is in the:

middle ear.

Pain in blood vessels and internal organs that is felt as pain at the body surface is known as:

referred pain.

Axons that carry information about pain and temperature form the:

ventral spinothalamic tract.

The gate theory of pain can help explain:

why rubbing an injury can reduce pain.

_______ are primary output cells of the cerebellum.

Purkinje cells.

Which region(s) of the cortex project to the basal ganglia?

All areas of the cortex project to the basal ganglia.

Which of the following receptors are rapidly adapting receptors?

All of these are rapidly accepting receptors: meissner corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles, and ruffini corpuscles.

_______ are commonly used as a treatment for Tourette's syndrome.

Antipsychotics.

The arms are controlled by motor neurons in ______ levels of the spinal cord, whereas the legs are controlled by motor neurons in ______ levels of the spinal cord.

Cervical; lumbar.

______ muscles move the limb away from the trunk, whereas _____ muscles move the limb back toward the trunk.

Extensor; flexor.

______ skin is much more richly endowed with receptors and is exquisitely more sensitive to a wider range of stimuli than ______ skin.

Glabrous; hairy.

The first direct evidence that the cortex controls movement was provided by:

Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig.

_____ are critical for proprioception.

Muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors.

Which of the following is not part of the direct pathway of the basal ganglia?

The globus pallidus external.

The person most credited with mapping the human motor cortex was:

Wilder Penfield

On the motor homunculus:

areas of precise motor control are given a larger representation.

The _____ controls the force of a movement, whereas the ______ controls the timing and accuracy of the movement.

basal ganglia; cerebellum.

The ______ contributes to motor control by adjusting the forces associated with movements, while the ______ compares to the intended movement with actual movement for the improvement of movement skill.

basal ganglia; cerebellum.

Damage to the brainstem can result in:

both locked in syndrome and cerebral palsy.

Neurons from the corticospinal tract synapse with:

both motor neurons and interneurons.

Locked in syndrome can occur following damage to the:

brainstem.

Parkinson's disease can be treated by:

by either lesioning or stimulating the globus pallidus internal.

Damage to the ______ results in _____.

caudate nucleus; huntington's disease.

Vestibular receptors convey information about:

changes in the direction of movement, changes in the speed of movement, and the position of one's body in relation to gravity.

The sensory and motor cortices are:

continuously modified with learning and experience.

The flocculus of the cerebellum is involved with:

control of balance and eye movements.

Early research on the motor cortex suggested that it____; however, more recent work suggests that the motor cortex may actually________.

controlled individual muscle movements; store a repertoire of movement categories.

The spinal cord functions in:

conveying sensory and motor information between the brain and body, reflexive behaviors, and walking.

The major motor pathway that relays signals from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord is the:

corticospinal tract.

Cellular recordings from the globus pallidus internal in patients with Parkinson's disease show:

excessive activity.

If a patient with cerebellar damage is asked to throw darts while wearing a pair of glasses that shift the vision to the right, the patient will most likely:

fail to show any adaptation to compensate for the visual shift.

Hapsis is the perception of:

fine touch.

Which of the following is not part of the basal ganglia?

flocculus

How many homunculi are present in the primary somatosensory cortex, according to the Kaas model?

four

Which of the following receptors is most responsive to pain and temperature?

free nerve endings.

Brain imaging studies have noted decreased connectivity between ______ in patients with Tourette's syndrome.

frontal cortex and parietal cortex.

Which part of the brain is responsible for planning and initiating movements?

frontal lobe.

The ability to discriminate the distance between two points on the skin is most sensitive in:

glabrous skin.

In a study by Pons and colleagues, monkeys' arm nerves were cut, thereby depriving the somatosensory cortex of sensory input from the arm. Several years later, when the researchers mapped the monkeys' somatosensory homunculus, they discovered that the arm region of the homunculus.

had been taken over by the face region.

Which of the following sequences is in the correct order from largest to smallest representation in the motor homunculus?

hands, lips, feet.

Injury to level L1-L2 of the spinal cord would likely result in:

hemiplegia.

According to the gate theory of pain transmission, activity in the _____ can inhibit the pain pathway in the spinal cord.

hepatic-proprioceptive pathway.

The dorsal stream is the ______ stream, while the ventral stream is the _______ stream.

how; what.

If cells of the caudate putamen are damaged, which one of the following motor disorders will be observed?

hypokinetic behavior.

Which of the following is not associated with Tourette's syndrome?

hypokinetic symptoms.

Damage to the primary somatosensory motor cortex results in:

impaired sensory discrimination on the contralateral side.

The motor system sends a copy of the "instructions" for a movement to the cerebellum via the:

inferior olive.

Hair cells in the vestibular system fire more action potentials when the hair:

is bent in a specific direction.

The _______ controls limbs and digits, whereas the _______ controls mainly trunk muscles.

lateral corticospinal tract; ventral corticospinal tract.

In the spinal cord, laterally located motor neurons project to the ________, whereas more medially located motor neurons project to the _________.

limbs and digits; trunk and shoulders.

Neurons that fire when we execute a movement and when we observe another person making the same movement are referred to as:

mirror neurons.

To which of the following systems is the following systems is the somatosensory system most closely linked?

motor

When a physician taps the patellar tendon with a hammer, it causes a knee jerk reflex by sending stretch signals to:

motor neurons in the spinal cord that cause muscles to contract.

The lateral parts of the cerebellar hemispheres control:

movement of limbs and digits.

In all animals, a large proportion of the motor cortex is represented by:

muscles over which an animal has skilled and intricate control.

The neurotransmitter system that is most important for basal ganglia function is the:

nigrostriatal dopamine system.

The three major classes of sensory receptors are:

nociception, hapsis, proprioception.

The limb regions of the motor homunculus are involved in activating motor neurons that move the arms, hands, and legs primarily on the _______, and the trunk regions of the motor homunculus are mainly involved in activating motor neurons that move the trunk primarily on the _______.

opposite side of the body; same side of the body.

Nociception is the perception of:

pain.

Stimulation of the ____ is effective in reducing pain.

periaqueductal gray matter

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for:

planning movements.

Motor cortex is activated when a person:

plans a movement, imagines making a movement, and executes a movement.

The primary somatosensory cortex is found in the _____, while the secondary somatosensory cortex is located in the ______.

postcentral gyrus; parietal lobe.

Mirror neurons are found in the:

premotor cortex, parietal cortex, and cerebellum.

Coordinating multiple simultaneous movements to accomplish a goal is a function of the:

premotor cortex.

In a person performing a sequence of finger movements, cerebral blood flow increases in the:

premotor cortex.

The decision to set your alarm an hour early so as not to be late for your exam would be made in the:

premotor cortex.

Pacinian corpuscles are most responsive to:

pressure and flutter stimuli.

Wilder Penfield identified a motor homunculus in the:

primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.

The homunculus on the primary somatosensory cortex is most similar to the homunculus found in the:

primary motor cortex.

Walter Hess's experiments reveal that one of the functions of the brainstem is to:

produce species- typical behavior.

The premotor cortex is responsible for:

producing movement sequences.

The primary motor cortex is responsible for:

producing specific movements.

Damage to level C1-C2 of the spinal cord would likely result in:

quadriplegia.

The ventral side of the spinal cord ______, whereas the dorsal portion______.

relays motor signals; relays sensory signals.

Neurons in area 3b of the primary somatosensory cortex are responsive to:

slow-responding skin receptors.

Neurons in the primary motor cortex:

start to discharge just prior to a movement, discharge during a movement, and increase their rate of firing if a weight is added to the movement apparatus.

Proprioception is the perception of:

the location of one's body in space.

Which of the following structures is not part of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia?

the putamen

Research has demonstrated that tickle perception is primarily due to:

the unpredictability of the touch sensation.

The cerebellum consists of ______ distinct layer(s).

three

The cerebellum's role in motor behavior is primarily involved with:

timing of movements and maintaining movement accuracy.

Unilateral damage to the spinal cord will result in the loss of _______ on the same side of the body and loss of ____ on the opposite side of the body below the site of the damage.

touch and proprioception; pain and temperature.

Neurons in the ventral corticospinal tract in the left hemisphere control_____ muscles on______ of the body.

trunk; both sides.

Research has demonstrated that phantom limb pain can be alleviated through the use of:

using a mirror to fool the sensory system into perceiving the missing limb.

An example of a brain-computer interface (BCI) would be:

using only your thoughts to control a computer keyboard.