CH.11 The Nervous System: Integration and Control

Cells that provide direct protection and physical support to neurons are A) located only in the spinal fluid. B) found primarily in lymphatic fluids. C) myelinated. D) neuroglial cells. E) nodes of Ranvier.

D) neuroglial cells.

Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system predominates during the relaxed state? A) sensory division B) sympathetic division C) somatic division D) parasympathetic division E) endocrine division

D) parasympathetic division

Which one of the following provides the central nervous system with information about the outside environment? A) motor division B) sympathetic division C) parasympathetic division D) sensory division E) autonomic division

D) sensory division

Both voluntary and involuntary skeletal muscle movement are controlled through which one of the following divisions of the nervous system? A) sensory division B) sympathetic division C) parasympathetic division D) somatic division E) endocrine division

D) somatic division

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a demyelinating disease that results from nerve damage beginning in the A) brain. B) diaphragm. C) intercostal muscles. D)spinal cord. E) sensory nerves.

D)spinal cord.

During a brain surgery, a surgeon passes an instrument through the dura mater. Which one of the following does the surgeon pass through next? A) bones of the skull B) vertebrae C) cerebrospinal fluid D) pia mater E) arachnoid

E) arachnoid

Regulation of the production of breast milk, carbohydrate metabolism, and temperature control are some of the functions of the A) frontal lobe. B) midbrain. C) medulla oblongata. D) thalamus. E) hypothalamus.

E) hypothalamus.

Control of respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure is integrated through the A) cerebral cortex. B) cerebellum. C) thalamus. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla oblongata.

E) medulla oblongata.

During which one of the following phases of an action potential do the sodium channels close and potassium channels open, releasing potassium from the neuron?A) depolarization B) reestablishment of resting potential C) saltatory propagation D) both depolarization and repolarization E) repolarization

E) repolarization

All of the following statements about psychoactive drugs are TRUE EXCEPT which one? A) Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata. B) Psychoactive drugs are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. C) Psychoactive drugs directly affect neurotransmitters. D) Psychoactive drugs change the normal patterns of brain electrical activity. E) Many psychoactive drugs lead to dependence, tolerance, and addiction.

A) Psychoactive drugs typically bind to the medulla oblongata.

Which one of the following happens during repolarization of a neuron? A) Sodium channels close, and potassium rushes out of the cell to temporarily reestablish the membrane potential. B) Potassium channels close, preventing further loss of positive ions. C) The sodium-potassium pump is turned off. D) Sodium channels open to allow sodium ions to rush back out of the cell. E) The membrane potential is eliminated.

A) Sodium channels close, and potassium rushes out of the cell to temporarily reestablish the membrane potential.

Which one of the following steps occurs during the absolute refractory period? A) The neuron cannot generate an action potential. B) Sodium channels open, releasing sodium ions into the neuron, which causes potassium channels to close. C) Sodium channels open, which causes potassium channels to open. D) A nerve impulse fails to reach threshold. E) Potassium channels open, releasing potassium ions from the neuron; sodium channels close.

A) The neuron cannot generate an action potential.

Oligodendrocytes are similar to Schwann cells in that they A) are a type of neuroglial cell. B) are located in the central nervous system. C) conduct nerve impulses. D) help neurons regenerate after injury. E) are located in the peripheral nervous system.

A) are a type of neuroglial cell.

Which one of the following is NOT directly involved in the production of a typical spinal reflex? A) brain B) sensory neuron C) motor neuron D) interneuron E) stimulus

A) brain

The central nervous system is composed of which of the following? A) brain and spinal cord B) autonomic nervous system and brain C) somatic division and autonomic division D) sensory division and motor division E) somatic division and motor division

A) brain and spinal cord

People who are intoxicated cannot coordinate their movements or walk a straight line because alcohol disrupts the normal function of which region of the brain? A) cerebellum B) cerebrum C) corpus callosum D) hypothalamus E) thalamus

A) cerebellum

Which one of the following types of neurotransmitter functions as an inhibitory agent, typically suppressing the sensation of pain? A) endorphins B) acetylcholine C) epinephrine D) serotonin E) somatostatin

A) endorphins

The three main anatomical and functional divisions of the brain are the A) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain. B) frontal,parietal, occipital. C) cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons. D) ventricles, meninges, nerve tracts. E) hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary.

A) forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.

Short-term memory is associated with the ________, whereas long-term memory is associated with the ________. A) limbic system; cerebral cortex B) cerebral cortex; hypothalamus C) cerebral cortex; limbic system D) hypothalamus; cerebral cortex E) limbic system; hypothalamus

A) limbic system; cerebral cortex

Which one of the following cells transmits impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs? A) motor neurons B) interneurons C) sensory neurons D) neuroglia E) dendrites

A) motor neurons

Preganglionic motor neurons of the ________ division of the nervous system originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) central nervous system D) paralumbar E) cerebral cortex

A) sympathetic

Saltatory conduction is A) the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons. B) an action potential generated in taste receptors or buds. C) the movement of neurotransmitters across a synaptic cleft. D) the activation of the fight-or-flight response. E) the movement of an electrical impulse from the dendrite to an axon.

A) the process of conduction leaping along myelinated neurons.

Axons branch into axon terminals, which have ________ located at the terminal ends. A) Schwann cells B) dendrites C) nodes of Ranvier D) bulbs E) hillocks

D) bulbs

By which one of the following methods is a stronger stimulus coded by neurons differently from a weaker stimulus? A) A stronger stimulus results in greater depolarization. B) A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials/unit time. C) A stronger stimulus results in faster traveling action potentials. D) A stronger stimulus results in hyperpolarization of the neuron. E) A stronger stimulus results in prolonged influx of Na+ions and a delay before repolarization.

B) A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials/unit time.

Insufficient production of acetylcholine in the synapses of the brain, abnormal tangled neurons, and large deposits of beta-amyloid are problems associated with which one of the following diseases? A) meningitis B) Alzheimer's disease C) rabies D) Parkinson's disease E) epilepsy

B) Alzheimer's disease

During synaptic transmission, the influx of ________ causes vesicles in the axon bulb to fuse with the cell membrane, releasing ________. A) mitochondrion; neurons B) Ca2+; neurotransmitter C) neurotransmitters; Ca2+ D) vesicles; neurons E) neurons; mitochondrion

B) Ca2+; neurotransmitter

Which one of the following parts of the brain effectively links the nervous system and the endocrine system? A) medulla oblongata B) cerebral cortex C) corpus callosum D) hypothalamus E) cerebellum

D) hypothalamus

Which one of the following occurs with each cycle of the sodium-potassium pump? A) Sodium is moved into the cell, creating a net negative charge outside the cell. B) The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell. C) The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one negative charge from inside the cell. D) The inside of the cell becomes more negative as potassium is pumped out. E) Two potassium ions and three sodium ions are pumped out of the cell.

B) The net effect is removal of one osmotic particle and one positive charge from inside the cell.

Control of smooth muscle and internal organs is the role ofthe ________ division of the nervous system. A) sensory B) autonomic C) endocrine D) somatic E) postsynaptic

B) autonomic

The region of brain that coordinates antagonistic muscle movements is the A) medulla oblongata. B) cerebellum. C) pons. D) thalamus. E) occipital lobe.

B) cerebellum.

Conscious thought is associated with which one of the following? A) cerebellum B) cerebral cortex C) medulla oblongata D) hypothalamus E) thalamus

B) cerebral cortex

Which of the following parts of the brain is associated with emotions and behavior? A) corpus callosum B) limbic system C) cerebellum D) hypothalamus E) medulla oblongata

B) limbic system

Which one of the following diseases is caused by a virus that is introduced to the body through the skin and travels along sensory neurons to the brain? A) meningitis B) rabies C) epilepsy D) Alzheimer's disease E) Parkinson's disease

B) rabies

A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential. A) action B) resting C) graded D) refractory E) depolarization

B) resting

Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage the generation of new electrical impulses by which one of the following? A) stimulating saltatory conduction B) stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons C) inhibiting postsynaptic neurons from repolarizing D) inhibiting presynaptic neurons from depolarizing E) stimulating depolarization of presynaptic neurons

B) stimulating depolarization of postsynaptic neurons

Each of the following statements correctly describes an action potential EXCEPT which one? A) Once triggered, an action potential always looks the same in form and voltage. B) An action potential continues to propagate itself into the next region of an axon. C) Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump. D) Action potentials include a depolarization phase followed by a repolarization phase. E) Action potentials temporarily reverse the polarization of the axon membrane.

C) Action potentials are propagated by the sodium-potassium pump.

Which one of the following events associated with the transmission of an impulse across a synapse occurs last? A) Action potential arrives at an axon bulb. B) Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft. C) Chemically gated channels for sodium open. D) Calcium diffuses into an axon bulb. E) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

C) Chemically gated channels for sodium open.

All of the following are functions of the myelin sheath EXCEPT which one? A) The myelin sheath speeds up transmission of action potentials. B) The myelin sheath insulates a neuron and saves the neuron energy. C) The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission. D) The myelin sheath is involved in the repair of damaged neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

C) The myelin sheath plays an important role in synaptic transmission.

The left and right sides of the cerebrum are interconnected by which one of the following? A) pons B) medulla oblongata C) corpus callosum D) thalamus E) cerebral cortex

C) corpus callosum

The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the A) dura mater, alma mater, and pia mater. B) fore, mid, and hind meninges. C) dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid. D) pleura, parietal, and arachnoid. E) glial, Schwann, and interstitial.

C) dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid.

Electrical impulses are transmitted between components of the central nervous system via which one of the following? A) glial cells B) motor neurons C) sensory neurons D) interneurons E) macrophages

D) interneurons

Convergence occurs when several presynaptic cells A) depolarize simultaneously. B) depolarize sequentially. C) form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell. D) activate the sodium-potassium pump of a Schwann cell. E) form a synapse with multiple postsynaptic cells.

C) form a synapse with a single postsynaptic cell.

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for speech and conscious thought? A) occipital B) temporal C) frontal D) corpus callosum E) parietal

C) frontal

From an evolutionary standpoint, which of the following structures is considered the oldest, most primitive division of the brain? A) forebrain B) midbrain C) hindbrain D) cerebrum E) corpus callosum

C) hindbrain

Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the sympathetic nervous system? A) increased digestion and absorption B) decreased respiratory rate C) increased blood pressure D) decreased heart rate E) increased bladder contraction

C) increased blood pressure

Which component of the nervous system is divided into the somatic and autonomic divisions? A) sensory B) peripheral C) motor D) central E) parasympathetic

C) motor

Which one of the following establishes and maintains the resting potential? A) Na+leak channel B) K+ leak channel C) sodium-potassium pump D) depolarization E) repolarization

C) sodium-potassium pump

Which one of the following diseases is a progressive degenerative disorder caused by destruction of dopamine-releasing neurons in the brain that coordinate muscle movement? A) Alzheimer's disease B) epilepsy C) encephalitis D) Parkinson's disease E) rabies

D) Parkinson's disease

There are severaltoxins that interfere with synaptic transmission. Botulism toxin, for example, interferes with the fusion of acetylcholine-containing vesicles with the membrane of the axon bulb. This would result in which one of the following? A) blockage of Ca2+diffusion into the axon B) slow diffusion of the neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft C) inability of neurotransmitter to bind the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane D) blocking of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic membrane E) hyperpolarizationof the postsynaptic membrane

D) blocking of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic membrane