ch.13 altering the genetic material: mutation, cancer

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Which of the following are ways that point mutations may alter a gene?

A nucleotide is added to a gene. The base sequence within the gene is changed. A base pair is removed from a gene.

Which of the following are ways that chemical mutagens covalently modify the structure of nucleotides?

Alkylation of bases Deamination of bases

Which of the following are ways that ionizing radiation can alter DNA structure?

Base deletion Breaks in one or both DNA strands

What are the typical functions of proteins encoded by genes that may become oncogenes?

Growth factor receptor Transcription factor Intracellular signaling protein

What is the function of the Rb protein?

It inhibits cell division.

What is the function of the p53 protein?

It is a transcription factor.

What does a gene mutation affect?

The sequence of bases in a particular gene

A mutation is best defined as:

a heritable change in the genetic material

The effects of _________ mutagens on DNA structure is varied. Some can alkylate bases, others act as base analogues, and a few can insert between bases in the double helix and cause additions or deletions.

chemical

A mutation may affect the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide only if it occurs within the

coding sequence of a structural gene.

The protein product of what tumor-suppressor gene acts to sense DNA damage, promote DNA repair, and halt cell division?

p53

Biologists categorize the causes of mutation as _________ which result from errors in normal processes, or induced, which are caused by external agents.

spontaneous

What are the three most common ways that the function of a tumor-suppressor gene is lost?

Abnormal DNA methylation near the gene's promoter Loss of the chromosome that carries the gene Mutation within the gene

The _____ test, which was developed in the 1970s, is used to evaluate the ability of a substance to cause mutations.

Ames

Which of the following are ways that chemical mutagens covalently modify the structure of nucleotides?

Deamination of bases Alkylation of bases

True or false: Cancer usually requires only one or two genetic changes to the same cell lineage.

False cancer usually requires around 10 or more genetic changes to the same cell lineage.

Which of the following are ways that point mutations may alter a gene?

The base sequence within the gene is changed. A nucleotide is added to a gene. A base pair is removed from a gene.

The p53 protein can arrest the cell cycle at the G1 stage by:

activating genes that encode proteins that stop the cell cycle

A chemical that resembles a normal base and therefore can substitute for it during DNA replication is said to be a(n)

base analogue

A chemical that resembles a normal base and therefore can substitute for it during DNA replication is said to be a(n) Multiple choice question.

base analogue

Mutations that occur within a noncoding DNA sequence affect ______ _____________

gene expression

Cells that give rise to gametes, such as egg and sperm cells, are known as the _______ _______ cells

germ line

gametes are produced by

germ line cells

Over the past four decades, researchers have identified many types of ______. Examples include growth factor receptors, transcription factors, and intracellular signaling proteins.

oncogenes

A normal gene that can become an oncogene if it is mutated is called a(n)

proto-oncogene

Bacterial colonies can be transferred from a master plate to secondary plates in the same configuration using a transferring agent such as a sterile velvet cloth. This technique is known as ______ __________

replica planting

Nonionizing radiation, such as ultraviolet light, can lead to:

the formation of a thymine dimer

The protein p53 is encoded by a(n):

tumor-suppressor gene

Maintenance of genome integrity and negative regulation of cell division are the two main functions of:

tumor-suppressor genes


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