Ch.14 Human Anatomy - Martini

The ulnar nerve is found in the ________ plexus. o thoracic o brachial o cervical o sacral o lumbar

brachial

Sites where information regarding reflexes is processed include the spinal cord and the ________. o visceral muscles o ventral roots o dorsal root ganglia o skeletal muscles o brain

brain

The body surface region monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called (a) ________. o perineurium o dermatome o ramus communicantes o tract o ventral ramus

dermatome

Motor fibers travel in the ________ of the spinal cord. o lateral tracts o ascending tracts o posterior tracts o medial tracts o descending tracts

descending tracts

If you bump the "funny bone" which nerve function is interrupted? o musculocutaneous o axillary o ulnar o radial o median

ulnar

The ________ of the spinal nerves is/are the portion(s) that participate(s) in the formation of nerve plexuses. o dorsal rami o epineurium o posterior columns o ventral rami o dorsal root ganglia

ventral rami

Reflexes that control the actions of smooth muscles and glands are classified as ________ reflexes. o somatic o acquired o visceral or autonomic o spinal o monosynaptic

visceral or autonomic

The first branch of each spinal nerve, which communicates with an autonomic ganglion, is myelinated and is called a _______ o gray commissure o gray ramus o postganglionic fiber o white ramus communicans o fascicle

white ramus communicans

Paralysis of all four limbs is called paraplegia. o True o False

False

The arachnoid mater is the outermost covering of the spinal cord and brain. o True o False

False

The brachial plexus is composed of cutaneous and muscular branches of the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-C4. o True o False

False

The connective tissue layers of the spinal dura mater continue from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris as the filum terminale. o True o False

False

The gray matter of the spinal cord can be divided into columns, or funiculi. o True o False

False

The ventral ramus of each spinal nerve receives motor information from a specific segment of the skin and muscles of the neck and back. o True o False

False

A normal patellar reflex indicates that spinal nerves and spinal segments ________ are undamaged. o T1-L2 o C5-C7 o L5-S2 o L2-L4 o C1-C3

L2-L4

The "white rami communicantes" exist for spinal nerves ________. o C1 to T1 o L1 to S1 o C1 to L2 o T1 to L2 o T1 to S1

T1 to L2

Motor patterns that are learned, like walking, are called ________ reflexes. o acquired o learned o visceral o autonomic o somatic

acquired

Which of the following is true regarding visceral reflexes? o They include stretch reflexes. o They include superficial reflexes. o They control the actions of smooth muscles and glands. o They control skeletal muscle contractions. o They are never classified as autonomic reflexes.

They control the actions of smooth muscles and glands.

Spinal nerves caudal to the first thoracic vertebra take their names from the vertebra immediately preceding them. o True o False

True

Stretch reflexes provide automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length. o True o False

True

The cervical enlargement supplies nerves to the pectoral girdle and upper limbs. o True o False

True

The spinal cord continues to enlarge and elongate until an individual is approximately four years old. o True o False

True

Activation of a sensory neuron results in the conduction of action potentials into the spinal cord along a(n) ________. o peripheral effector o ventral horn o afferent fiber o efferent fiber o ventral ramus

afferent fiber

Polysynaptic reflex arcs differ from monosynaptic reflex arcs in that the former have ________, which are not present in the latter. o spinal cord processing centers o an interneuron or interneurons o cranial processing centers o specific receptors o stimuli

an interneuron or interneurons

The middle layer of the meninges, which consists of simple squamous epithelium, is called (the) ________. o epideural space o pia mater o dura mater o periosteum o arachnoid mater

arachnoid mater

Bundles of fiber known as ________ extend from the inner surface of the arachnoid mater to the outer surface of the pia mater. o denticulate ligaments o subarachnoid spaces o arachnoid granulations o cauda equina o arachnoid trabeculae

arachnoid trabeculae

The median nerve ________. o arises from both the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus o arises from both the medial and posterior cords of the brachial plexus o innervates the pronators of the forearm o arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus o is a major nerve of the cervical plexus

arises from both the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus

Brachial plexus nerves arise from one or more trunks or cords whose neurons indicate their positions relative to the ________. o brachial artery o C4 vertebra o subclavius muscle o axillary artery o clavicle

axillary artery

The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains ________. o ventral rami o axons of motor neurons o interneurons o cell bodies of motor neurons o axons of sensory neurons

axons of motor neurons

The epidural space contains areolar and adipose tissue, in addition to ________. o lymph o gray matter o blood vessels o cerebrospinal fluid o denticulate ligaments

blood vessels

Activation of a motor neuron during the processing of a reflex action ________. o typically enhances the original stimulus that triggered the reflex o occurs instantaneously, with the start of the stimulation o sends impulses through the dorsal root ganglion o carries the nerve impulse to the peripheral effector organs o sends a response to peripheral structures by way of the dorsal root of a spinal nerve

carries the nerve impulse to the peripheral effector organs

In gross dissection, the filum terminale and the long ventral and dorsal roots are collectively referred to as the ________. o collateral ganglia o motor neurons o spinal meninges o denticulate ligaments o cauda equina

cauda equina

The H-shaped mass in the center of the spinal cord is dominated by ________. o large numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated axons o motor axons only o connective tissue and blood vessels o cell bodies of neurons and neuroglial cells o dura mater

cell bodies of neurons and neuroglial cells

The anterior horns are the largest in the ________ regions. o cervical and sacral o cervical and thoracic o lumbar and sacral o cervical and lumbar o thoracic and lumbar

cervical and lumbar

The rhomboids (major and minor) are innervated by which of the following? o lumbar plexus nerves o hypoglossal nerve o sacral plexus nerves o brachial plexus nerves o cervical plexus nerves

cervical plexus nerves

Every spinal cord segment is associated with a pair of ________, which contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons. o ventral roots o dorsal root ganglia o dorsal horns o mixed nerves o peripheral effectors

dorsal root ganglia

The innermost layer of connective tissue fibers and isolated fibrocytes, which surrounds each axon is the ________. o perineurium o epineurium o endoneurium o fasciculus o fascicle

endoneurium

Which of the following is defined as the tough, fibrous sheath that forms the outermost layer of a peripheral nerve? o epineurium o perineurium o endoneurium o neurilemma o fascicle

epineurium

The short head of the biceps femoris and the tibialis anterior muscles are innervated by the ________ nerve. o iliohypogastric o inferior gluteal o lateral femoral cutaneous o fibular o pudendal

fibular

The subarachnoid space is ________. o between the arachnoid mater and the periosteum o filled with cerebrospinal fluid o between the arachnoid mater and the underlying dura mater o filled with fat o a potential space only

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Caudally, the spinal dura mater blends with components of the ________ to form the coccygeal ligament. o dorsal root ganglia o ventral root o spinal nerves o filum terminale o cauda equina

filum terminale

Axons, which cross from one side to the other in the spinal cord, pass through the ________. o posterior white commissure o denticulate ligaments o gray commissure o anterior white commissure o anterior gray horns

gray commissure

The gray matter of the spinal cord is organized into anterior, posterior, and lateral ________. o horns o tracts o ganglia o columns o commissures

horns

The ________ nerve of the lumbar plexus is formed by ventral rami of T12 and L1, and innervates the internal and external oblique muscles. o subcostal o lateral femoral cutaneous o genitofemoral o ilioinguinal o iliohypogastric

iliohypogastric

Spinal reflexes ________. o always transmit information to the brain for processing o involve only a single segment of the spinal cord o include both monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes o do not include stretch reflexes o include monosynaptic reflexes only

include both monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes

The term for a reflex that is genetically determined is a(n) ________ reflex. o acquired o cranial o spinal o monosynaptic o innate

innate

The spinal nerves form through the fusion of dorsal and ventral nerve roots as they pass through a(n) ________. o intervertebral foramen o transverse foramen o vertebral foramen o plexus o gray commissure

intervertebral foramen

The nuclei in the spinal cord that contain the cell bodies of the visceral motor neurons are located in (the) ________. o anterior gray horns o posterior gray horns o ventral roots o lateral gray horns o gray commissures

lateral gray horns

Which of the following is a nerve of the cervical plexus? o median nerve o musculocutaneous nerve o lesser occipital nerve o nerve to subclavius o axillary nerve

lesser occipital nerve

Inferior to the ________, the spinal cord tapers to the conus medullaris. o cervical enlargement o filum terminale o lumbosacral enlargement o cauda equina o dorsal root ganglia

lumbosacral enlargement

The pia mater is the ________. o meninx that contains cerebrospinal fluid o toughest and thickest of the meninges o outermost covering over the brain, but not the spinal cord o meninx that forms denticulate ligaments

meninx that forms denticulate ligaments

In step 4 of a neural reflex, a(n) ________ stimulated to threshold conducts action potentials along its axons into the periphery. o dorsal horn o motor neuron o interneuron o dorsal root ganglia o sensory neuron

motor neuron

The blood vessels that supply the spinal cord are found in the ________. o subarachnoid space o pia mater o arachnoid mater o epidural space o dura mater

pia mater

Select the association that is most closely matched. o anterior gray horns − visceral motor neurons o posterior gray horns − visceral sensory nuclei o posterior gray horns − somatic motor neurons o anterior gray horns − visceral sensory nuclei o lateral gray horns − somatic motor neurons

posterior gray horns − visceral sensory nuclei

The stretch reflex is an example of a ________ reflex because it maintains the body's upright position. o sensory o interneuron o motor o postural o lumbar

postural

The ________ nerve, which is formed by the ventral rami of S2-S4, innervates muscles of the perineum, including the urethral sphincter muscles. o inferior gluteal o posterior femoral cutaneous o sciatic o pudendal o superior gluteal

pudendal

The ________ arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. o median nerve o dorsal scapular nerve o radial nerve o musculocutaneous nerve o ulnar nerve

radial nerve

The gray and white rami from T1 to L2, which allow information exchange between the spinal nerves and the autonomic ganglia are collectively called the ________. o columns o horns o fascicles o commissures o rami communicantes

rami communicantes

From medial to lateral, brachial plexus structures are organized as which of the following? o trunks - cords - roots - divisions - nerves o cords - nerves - roots - trunks - divisions o roots - trunks - divisions - cords - nerves o nerves - cords - divisions - trunks - roots o roots - divisions - cords - trunks - nerves

roots - trunks - divisions - cords - nerves

The largest nerve in the body that is formed from L4-S3 is the ________. o sciatic nerve o tibial nerve o fibular nerve o superior gluteal nerve o pudendal nerve

sciatic nerve

Distally, the connective tissue of the ________ is continuous with the connective tissue sheath around each spinal nerve. o filum terminale o spinal dura mater o arachnoid granulations o spinal pia mater o spinal arachnoid mater

spinal dura mater

All of the following are true of fiber tracts in the spinal cord except ________. o axons of a single tract are relatively uniform with respect to myelination o all axons within a tract relay information in the same direction o axons of a single tract are relatively uniform in diameter and conduction speed o the tracts are randomly located with respect to the type of information carried o each tract carries sensory or motor information, but not both

the tracts are randomly located with respect to the type of information carried