Ch16

leader of the first crew to circumnavigate the globe

Ferdinand Magellan

dubbed "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" upon returning to Spain from the Caribbean

Christopher Columbus

admiral of the Chinese fleet and leader of the Ming voyages

Zheng He

South America--horses Africa--cassava

North America--horses; cotton Europe--potatoes Asia--Potatoes

While the introduction of the horse to the Americas made plowing and wheeled transport possible for the first time, it also upset the political order and increased conflict.

T

contained most of the world's population connected by overland tracks, rivers, and sea routes that met at major hubs declining in cultural diversity

Old World web

Between 1492 and 1700, which of the following biological exchanges produced the most significant consequences?

the spread of diseases

While the---voyages were significant in terms of scale, they did not venture beyond the familiar Indian Ocean world, nor did they fundamentally change their understanding of the world. On the other hand, while---voyages were smaller and less expensive, their sailors were able to harness the power of the winds and currents, which allowed them to explore much larger swaths of the world, including the Atlantic and---Oceans. These expeditions led the way in expanding the world's connections and initiated a truly global human web.

Chinese-European-Pacific

How did the global biological exchange between 1492 and 1800 change the world?

Correct Answer(s) - It produced enduring demographic disasters among peoples unfamiliar with crowd diseases. - Populations in the Americas and Oceania faced disruptions of many kinds, including land loss, enslavement, and forced migration. - It improved food supplies in almost every region of the world, in both quantity and reliability. Incorrect Answer(s) - Worldwide population levels cratered between 1500 and 1800.

In 1400, the Old World web was home to the world's most formidable states and societies. Which of the following characteristics was unique to the Old World web when compared to smaller webs of interaction across the globe?

large sailing ships that carried cargo

Da Gama acted cruelly toward Muslims and engaged in piracy against Muslim shipping, which he understood as part of his mission.

religious and political

accurate

- Magellan's fleet and crew were miniscule compared to the spectacular fleet and crew that Zheng He led on the Ming voyages. - Magellan died in battle in the Philippines, but his crew carried on without him.

inaccurate

-- Magellan and his crew accomplished what they set out to do: to become the first humans to successfully circumnavigate the globe. --Magellan accurately estimated the size of the Pacific Ocean and the distance between the Americas and China.

Before 1492, the American hemisphere remained completely isolated from the wider world.

F

first Portuguese sailor to reach India by traveling around the southern tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama

Columbus, the son of a Genoese weaver, hoped that finding a direct route to western Asia would catapult him into the social ranks of titled aristocracy.

glory and status

Both writers noted the devastating effects of European diseases on indigenous North Americans, as well as the apparent one-sidedness of the Columbian Exchange's ill consequences. Which of the following conclusions can one draw from these two primary source quotations?

Correct Answer(s) - Aguilar and Winthrop believed that God approved of European efforts to remove Amerindians from the land they desired. - Some Europeans believed that God was helping them conquer and colonize the Americas.

How did traffic along trunk routes, both overland and by sea, within the fifteenth-century Old World web shape cultural diversity?

Correct Answer(s) - Major religions fractured, producing internal diversity within major faith systems. - Major languages fractured over time into local dialects. - More and more people followed fewer and fewer religions. Incorrect Answer(s) -Cultural interaction and political conquests increased the number of different languages spoken.

New food crops, such as potatoes, led to revolutionary changes, including a spike in population growth in the mid-1700s.

Eurasia

Failed

- find a direct route from Europe to the valuable Asian markets - discover powerful Christian peoples with whom to ally against Islamic powers

accomplished

- lay a foundation of knowledge that other mariners could use to confidently travel the world by sea - create a network of the world's coasts and harbors

In 1497, Vasco da Gama led an expedition from the Atlantic shores of Europe to the Indian Ocean, in search of Christian allies and valuable spices for the Portuguese Crown. Place the events of his 25,000-mile expedition in chronological order.

--Da Gama sails westward into the South Atlantic to find the westerlies that will carry him to South Africa. --Guided by African pilots he had kidnapped, da Gama crosses the Indian Ocean and lands in Calicut. --Finding no Christians and little interest in Portuguese trade goods, da Gama leaves India. --Da Gama returns to Portugal, having lost two-thirds of his crew during the two-year voyage.

Which of the following historical artifacts could help a historian understand the scope and goals of the fifteenth-century Ming voyages?

Giraffa

contained a couple dense population hubs, and multiple local webs of varying size and significance lacked pack animals and the bulk exchange of goods widespread cultivation of crops like maize and cultural practices like mound building

American webs

New drug crops like sugar and coffee became central to the local plantation economy based on enslaved labor.

Americas

Increased maritime trade caused the eastern and western edges of the Old World web to consolidate and thicken during the fifteenth century. How did that process unfold? Place the following events in chronological order.

- Improving ship design and navigational skills enabled sailors to brave the dangerous Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. - Markets emerged along the coast where customers were eager to pay merchants attractive prices for goods from afar. - Attracted by the growing trade along the coast, traffic from inland regions increased along networks of navigable rivers. - The eastern and western edges of the Old World web were ablaze with riverine and seaborne trade.

The arrival of maize both improved people's chances of survival and contributed to the consolidation of political powe

Africa

The arrival of new food crops, such as cassava, in this region had such a profound impact that we can reasonably divide history here into pre- and post-Columbian Exchange phases.

Africa

The map below illustrates early exploration of the Atlantic between 1400 and 1480. Select on the map the area that became the crucial "entrance ramp" to the trade winds for European sailors on the way to the Americas.

Canary is (sp)

Following da Gama's return to Portugal, a culture developed that celebrated the nation's accomplishments through architecture and poetry.

glory and status

Which group, as a result of its mastery of the oceanic winds and currents in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, exerted the most significant influence upon the next several centuries of world history?

Atlantic Europeans

In 1400, the world included one giant interactive web that connected--and the northern half of Africa, as well as a large web in---and smaller, local ones elsewhere. The massive---web was home to most of the world's people, and to its most formidable states and societies. It had--obstacles to interaction than did other webs around the world. For example, only this web had wheeled vehicles and sailing ships capable of carrying hundreds of tons of cargo.

Eurasia--The americas--Old World--Fewer

Prior to 1400, no civilization had developed a significant maritime culture, and sailors had not yet mastered the navigation of winds or currents.

F

The impacts of the Columbian Exchange were primarily beneficial, in terms of effects on population, agriculture, and the economies of the Americas, Africa, and Europe.

F

Analyze the following primary source image, which is a 1493 engraving based on Columbus's own account of his voyage to the Americas. It depicts King Ferdinand observing from Spain as Columbus and his crew land on an island in the Caribbean. What does this image suggest about how Columbus perceived his voyage and those he encountered?

He believed the indigenous peoples he encountered recognized the superiority of the Spanish invaders.

Which conclusions can one draw from this primary source excerpt about what life was like aboard Magellan's ships?

Correct Answer(s) - Magellan's men had been at sea for so long that they had exhausted their food supply. - Rats on board the ship were both a nuisance and a treasured commodity during the expedition. - Crew members resorted to eating parts from the ship to survive. Incorrect Answer(s) - While food was in short supply, the crew could rely on a regular supply of clean water.

The two maps below illustrate the global system of winds and ocean currents that sailors began utilizing in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Based on these maps, which of the following statements are accurate?

Correct Answer(s) --Prevailing currents and winds follow circular patterns across the world's oceans. --Westerlies blow in the same direction as the ocean surface current in the southern seas just north of Antarctica. Incorrect Answer(s) --Westerlies blow from east to west across the world's oceans. --A sailor traveling from eastern Australia to the western coast of South America would benefit greatly by riding the trade winds.

At the start of the fifteenth century, the hundreds of millions of people in the world were politically and culturally cohesive, thanks to thousands of years of state formation and expansion across the globe.

F

While the emergence of the first global web brought more and more disconnected areas closer together, it also weakened the linkages within the Old World web, as major powers began relying on their connections to "new" lands overseas.

F

In the primary source excerpt, select the part that supports the following conclusion: While Pereira may have questioned long-held assumptions about race and color, he still believed that people of color were somehow inferior to people with skin color that matched his own.

Now it only remains to find out if they are both descended from Adam.

What techniques and developments made it possible for Chinese sailors to attempt long-distance voyages by sea in the 1400s?

Correct Answer(s) --building ships with double hulls --adopting the lateen sail --using sternpost rudders, placed at the rear of the ship Incorrect Answer(s) --using the astrolabe to determine latitude

The European discovery that the oceanic winds and currents could take ships almost anywhere helped weave a maritime web that connected the world as never before. After the initial voyages across the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans, how did the process of knowledge gathering unfold over the centuries? Place the following events in chronological order.

- On the heels of Columbus, other mariners set out on the open seas and acquired a good working knowledge of the Caribbean and South American coastlines. - Sailors primarily from England and the Netherlands mapped the eastern shoreline of North America. - Dutch and English sailors charted the coasts of New Zealand and Australia. - Every significant coast of every ocean had been mapped, and every important island had been located.

The Columbian Exchange was certainly the most important biological exchange between 1400 and 1800, but it was not the only one. There was also a transpacific exchange in the 1500s that followed the expeditions of voyagers like Ferdinand Magellan. Place the events of the transpacific exchange in chronological order.

- The Treaty of Tordesillas motivated Spain to seek a route to Asia via the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. - An expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan sailed to the Pacific. - European traffic throughout the Pacific increased, and transpacific exchange spread throughout the Pacific islands. - Sharp population declines befell many Pacific archipelagos.

Which of the following were important consequences of the formation of the world's first global web?

Correct Answer(s) - Biological globalization surged. - Globalization continued the process of narrowing cultural diversity across the world. - Atlantic Europeans exerted a disproportionate amount of influence on world history.

Which of the following statements accurately evaluate the lasting impact of Christopher Columbus and his voyages from Europe to the Americas?

Correct Answer(s) - He was notoriously brutal and was responsible for initiating catastrophic population loss among indigenous populations in the Americas through exploitation, disease, and warfare. - His voyages ushered in a new era of global connection across bodies of water that had signified separation and limits for centuries. Incorrect Answer(s) - He was a Spanish sailor who, after convincing the young monarchs of neighboring Portugal to fund his venture, found a direct western route to China. - Failing to find a quick route to Asia, he realized that he had serendipitously encountered a new land full of potential for his home country.

The map below shows the seven journeys that Zheng He led between 1405 and 1433, on behalf of Ming China. Based on the map, what conclusions can one draw about the Ming voyages?

Correct Answer(s) - The Ming voyages reached destinations thousands of miles from China. - Rather than using navigable rivers and overland routes, the Ming voyages relied on familiar ocean routes to reach the far edges of the Indian Ocean world. Incorrect Answer(s) - Zheng He's voyages drastically expanded China's territorial boundaries. -Zheng He's voyages made it as far as the western edges of the African coast and Europe's Mediterranean coast.

What motivated Atlantic Europeans to launch onto the open seas in the 1400s?

Correct Answer(s) --They hoped to find strong Christian allies who could tip the geopolitical balance in their favor against Muslim states. --They sought the fame and glory of maritime achievement. --They wanted to tap directly into sources of valuable trade goods, like African gold and Asian spices. Incorrect Answer(s) --They set out to find the Americas, a land known for centuries as a place full of valuable resources.

sailed with a small crew across the Atlantic and reached Newfoundland

John Cabot

Zheng He of Ming China and Henry the Navigator of Portugal undertook roughly simultaneous voyages that tested the boundaries of their respective maritime worlds. Both voyagers largely failed to increase the wealth or power of their respective nations.

T

Read the three primary source excerpts. In which of these sources does the author speak directly to the significance of the emergence of the world's first global web?

source#3

Magellan's voyage around the world started off as an attempt to reach the spice islands of the East Indies.

wealth

spread across the southern third of its continent produced food and clothing for local consumption inhabitants transported everything by themselves or by canoe static cultural practices

webs in Africa

contained small local webs connected island chains across open waters constant interaction leading to localized exchange economies

webs in Oceania

This 1540 map made by Genoese cartographer Battista Agnese also charts Magellan's voyage around the world. Based on this primary source image, what conclusions can one draw about European voyaging and geographical knowledge?

Correct Answer(s) - While their knowledge of South America was substantial, Europeans evidently knew much less about interior North America and Antarctica. - Europeans had explored extensively enough for Agnese to have enough information to produce a detailed map. Incorrect Answer(s) - By 1540, Europeans had sailed to practically every inhabitable landmass in the world. - Europeans knew of many more ports and trading spots along the Pacific Rim than they did along the Indian Ocean.

Analyze the two maps below that illustrate the global system of winds and currents. Which of the following direct journeys would be made easier by a sailor's mastery of the world's prevailing winds and ocean currents?

Correct Answer(s) - from eastern Eurasia to western North America - from western Eurasia to eastern South America

How did the Treaty of Tordesillas affect the trajectory of European exploration after 1494?

Correct choiceIt motivated Spain to find a westward route to Asia, since the Portuguese had access to markets there (like in the Moluccas) through the Indian Ocean.

While most of the world's people lived and participated in one of the many regional webs of interaction in 1400, some people—including certain populations inside the geographical frontiers of a regional web—still lived subsistence lives, isolated and minimally connected to the empires, trade routes, and cultural interactions around them. In which of the following areas did such scattered populations exist?

Correct Answer(s) - northern regions of North America - Himalaya mountains

Which of the following transfers of the Columbian Exchange contributed to the development of an international trade of enslaved Africans?

Correct Answer(s) - the introduction of sugar, coffee, cotton, and rice to the Americas -the introduction of maize to Africa - the introduction of cassava to Africa Incorrect Answer(s) - the spread of syphilis to Eurasia

Having distinguished himself in the Yongle Emperor's regime, Admiral Zheng He organized several massive maritime expeditions with fleets of around 300 enormous ships carrying 28,000 sailors. What were Ming China's motivations behind these unprecedented ocean campaigns? Correct Answer(s)

Correct Answer(s) - to impress and intimidate neighboring territories into selecting leaders who would embrace Yongle's authority - to find and capture Yongle's nephew

Based on the map, which of the following statements accurately assess the impact of the Columbian Exchange?

Correct Answer(s) --Some populations along the Atlantic coast of the Americas faced almost complete demographic destruction. --Though outside of the Atlantic world—and thus not directly linked to the Columbian Exchange—Asia benefited from the biological transfers nonetheless. Incorrect Answer(s) --Livestock from the Americas had a transformative impact in the coastal regions of Africa and Eurasia. --The introduction of horses to the Americas had a much more significant impact on the populations of the North American prairie than those of South America.

How did early European maritime actions on Atlantic islands, such as the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores, set the stage for grander expeditions?

Correct answers: -- Shuttling back and forth between Europe and these Atlantic islands helped sailors master wind patterns and grow accustomed to open ocean travel. -- Sailors gained experience settling new territories through military conquest. Incorrect Answer(s) -- The Azores gave the English a launching point for voyages to the North American mainland. -- Gaining control of the Canaries gave Europeans the upper hand in their competition against Chinese sailors in the Atlantic.