Ch.18 a&p

Filtration unit of the kidney

nephron

What are the filtration units of the kidney?

nephrons

Cluster of capillaries inside the nephron

Glomerulus

What substance should never be found in urine?

Glucose

How does hypertension cause kidney damage?

High b/p can cause glomerular capillaries to burst, resulting in scarring. Hypertension also causes atherosclerosis, which reduces blood flow to the kidneys and causes further damage.

What prevents calcium, iron, and thyroid hormone from filtering out of the blood in the glomerulus?

Most of these substances are bound to plasma proteins, which are too large to pass through the pores of the glomerulus.

Where are most of the water, electrolytes, and nutrients reabsorbed? Also where most sodium is reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate.

Proximal convoluted tubule

Identify the four regions of the renal tubule, beginning with the region closest to the renal corpuscle.

Proximal convoluted tubule, loops of Henle ( which consist of the descending limb and an ascending limb), distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.

Which blood vessel supplies blood to the kidney?

Renal artery

Portion of nephron that filters plasma

Renal corpuscle

Where are the majority of nephrons located?

Renal cortex

Inner region of the cortex

Renal medulla

Portion of the nephron where urine is formed

Renal tubule

Nerves enter the kidney at the hilum. What is their role in urine formation?

The mainly sympathetic fibers adjust the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles to control the flow of blood, and therefore b/p, inside the glomerulus.

Infections commonly attack which area of the bladder?

The trigone: triangular-shaped area formed by the two ureters and the urethra.

Outer region of the kidney

renal cortex

What occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts?

Variable amounts of water and salts are reabsorbed; specialized cells also reabsorbed potassium and secrete hydrogen to aide acid-base balance.

What is the first step in the creation of urine?

Water and small solutes filter out if the blood inside the glomerulus and into the surrounding space of Bowman's capsule

What structures make up a renal corpuscle?

glomerulus and bowman's capsule

What is the hilum?

A concave notch on the medial side of the kidney through which structures such as blood vessels, the ureters, and nerves enter and leave the organ.

How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affect the kidneys?

ADH causes the cells of the distal and collecting tubules to become more permeable to water. Water flows out of the tubule and into the interstitial fluid, causing urine volume to decrease.

What effect does aldosterone have on the renal system and on b/p?

Aldosterone causes the distal convoluted tubule to retain sodium, which leads to increased retention of water.this causes blood volume to increase and b/p rises.

Many diuretics block the tubular reabsorption of sodium. Hoe does this affect urine volume and b/p?

Blocking the reabsorption of sodium also blocks the reabsorption of water. This leads to increased urine output, blood volume decreases, and b/p drops.

Two layers of epithelial cells surrounding glomerulus

Bowman's capsule

Cuplike area that collects urine

Calyx

What is the muscular wall of the bladder called?

Detrusor muscle