ch.22 respiratory system

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

voluntary cortical control

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

ERV + RV

Functional residual capacity

TV + IRV.-

Inspiratory capacity

the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

diffusion

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

too little oxygen in the atmosphere

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

medulla and pons

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. A) humidifying the air before it enters

inspiratory reserve volume

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes

The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.

force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

vital capacity

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

alveoli

The main site of gas exchange is the ________.

increase of carbon dioxide

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.

Boyle's law

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.

Dalton's law

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

secrete surfactant

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type ll cells II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________.

exchanged during normal breathing

Tidal volume is air ________.

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Total lung capacity

TV + IRV + ERV.-

Vital capacity

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

partial pressure gradient

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

assist in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

Which of the choices below is NOT a role of the pleurae?

alveolar surface tension

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

rising blood pressure

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing?

lung

Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America?

C-shaped cartilage rings

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

It requires contraction of abdominal wall muscles.

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

alveoli

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.

Which statement about CO2 is FALSE?

decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.