Ch.4
What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes? Question 16 options: 1) It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus. 2) It synthesizes the proteins required to copy DNA and make mRNA. 3) It selectively transports molecules out of the nucleus, but prevents all inbound molecules from entering the nucleus. 4) It assembles ribosomes from raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus.
1) It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus.
Spherocytosis is a human blood disorder associated with a defective cytoskeletal protein in the red blood cells (RBCs). What do you suspect is the consequence of such a defect? Question 49 options: 1) abnormally shaped RBCs 2) an insufficient supply of ATP in the RBCs 3) an insufficient supply of oxygen-transporting proteins in the RBCs 4) adherence of RBCs to blood vessel walls, causing plaque formation
1) abnormally shaped RBCs
In plant cells, the middle lamella _____. Question 58 options: 1) allows adjacent cells to adhere to one another 2) prevents dehydration of adjacent cells 3) maintains the plant's circulatory system 4) allows for gas and nutrient exchange among adjacent cells
1) allows adjacent cells to adhere to one another
Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in _____. Question 35 options: 1) chloroplasts 2) mitochondria 3) lysosomes 4) nuclei
1) chloroplasts
Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves _____. Question 46 options: 1) growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane 2) setting up microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the movement of cytoplasm 3) reinforcing the pseudopod with intermediate filaments 4) cytoplasmic streaming
1) growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane
Where would you expect to find tight junctions? Question 59 options: 1) in the epithelium of an animal's stomach 2) between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough endoplasmic reticulum 3) between plant cells in a woody plant 4) in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes
1) in the epithelium of an animal's stomach
Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the _____. Question 41 options: 1) mitochondria 2) peroxisomes 3) lysosomes 4) endoplasmic reticulum
1) mitochondria
The smallest cell structure that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-resolution) research-grade light microscope is a _____. Question 1 options: 1) mitochondrion 2) microtubule 3) ribosome 4) microfilament
1) mitochondrion
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell? Question 27 options: 1) rough ER 2) plasmodesmata 3) Golgi vesicles 4) free cytoplasmic ribosomes
1) rough ER
What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division? Question 5 options: 1) standard light microscopy 2) scanning electron microscopy 3) transmission electron microscopy
1) standard light microscopy
Cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella? Question 51 options: 1) tubulin 2) laminin 3) actin 4) intermediate filamen
1) tubulin
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved _____. Question 38 options: 1) endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell—the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria 2) anaerobic archaea taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen—the anaerobic bacterium evolved into chloroplasts 3) an endosymbiotic fungal cell evolving into the nucleus 4) acquisition of an endomembrane system and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the Golgi
1) endosymbiosis of the anaerobic bacterium in a larger host cell—the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? Question 11 options: 1) Bacteria and Eukarya 2) Bacteria and Archaea 3) Archaea and Protista 4) Bacteria and Protista
2) Bacteria and Archaea
Both the volume and the surface area for three different cells were measured. These values are listed in the following table:Using data from the table above, select the best explanation for why that cell will be able to eliminate waste most efficiently? Question 62 options: 1) Cell 1 since it has the smallest volume and will not produce as much waste as the other cells. 2) Cell 2 since it has the highest surface-area-to-volume ratio which facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment. 3) Cell 3 since it has the largest surface area which will enable it to eliminate all of its wastes quickly. 4) Cell 3 because it is big enough to allow wastes to easily diffuse through the plasma membrane.
2) Cell 2 since it has the highest surface area-to-volume ratio which facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment.
Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? Question 9 options: 1) Prokaryotes have cells while eukaryotes do not. 2) Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes. 3) Prokaryotes are not able to carry out aerobic respiration, relying instead on anaerobic metabolism. 4) Prokaryotes are generally larger than eukaryotes.
2) Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes.
A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that an inexpensive toy microscope available for a small child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the more costly microscope available in your college lab. What is the primary reason for the price difference? Question 6 options: 1) The toy microscope does not have the same fine control for focus of the specimen. 2) The toy microscope magnifies a good deal, but has low resolution and therefore poor quality images. 3) The college microscope produces greater contrast in the specimens. 4) The toy microscope usually uses a different wavelength o
2) The toy microscope magnifies a good deal, but has low resolution and therefore poor quality images.
Which structure is NOT part of the endomembrane system? Question 24 options: 1) nuclear envelope 2) chloroplast 3) Golgi apparatus 4) plasma membrane
2) chloroplast
Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules? Question 44 options: 1) motile cilia and primary (nonmotile) cilia 2) flagella and motile cilia 3) basal bodies and primary (nonmotile) cilia 4) centrioles and basal bodies
2) flagella and motile cilia
The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by the _____. Question 26 options: 1) transportation of membrane lipids among the membranes of the endomembrane system by small membrane vesicles 2) function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting and directing membrane components 3) modification of the membrane components once they reach their final destination 4) synthesis of different lipids and proteins in each of the organelles of the endomembrane system
2) function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting and directing membrane components
Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells? Question 56 options: 1) desmosomes 2) gap junctions 3) extracellular matrix 4) tight junctions
2) gap junctions
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells? Question 34 options: 1) lysosome 2) mitochondrion 3) Golgi apparatus 4) peroxisome
2) mitochondrion
A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely _____. Question 21 options: 1) primarily producing proteins for secretion 2) primarily producing proteins in the cytosol 3) constructing an extensive cell wall or extracellular matrix 4) enlarging its vacuole
2) primarily producing proteins in the cytosol
Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell? Question 13 options: 1) mitochondrion 2) ribosome 3) chloroplast 4) ER
2) ribosome
In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is the _____. Question 3 options: 1) relative solubility of the component 2) size and weight of the component 3) percentage of carbohydrates in the component 4) presence or absence of lipids in the component
2) size and weight of the component
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore, abundant in liver cells? Question 29 options: 1) rough ER 2) smooth ER 3) Golgi apparatus 4) nuclear envelope
2) smooth ER
A cell with an extensive area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is specialized to _____. Question 23 options: 1) play a role in storage 2) synthesize large quantities of lipids 3) actively export protein molecules 4) import and export protein molecules
2) synthesize large quantities of lipids
Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? Question 22 options: 1) lysosome 2) vacuole 3) Golgi apparatus 4) peroxisome
2) vacuole
What is the reason that a modern transmission electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the subnanometer level, as opposed to tens of nanometers achievable for the best super-resolution light microscope? Question 4 options: 1) The focal length of the electron microscope is significantly longer. 2) Contrast is enhanced by staining with atoms of heavy metal. 3) Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light. 4) The electron microscope has a much greater ratio of image size to real size.
3) Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light.
Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted? Question 30 options: 1) lysosome 2) mitochondrion 3) Golgi apparatus 4) peroxisome
3) Golgi apparatus
A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its _____. Question 54 options: 1) nuclear matrix and extracellular matrix 2) mitochondria and Golgi apparatus 3) Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix 4) nuclear pores and secretory vesicles
3) Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix
Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true? Question 52 options: 1) The cytoskeleton of eukaryotes is a static structure most resembling scaffolding used at construction sites. 2) Although microtubules are common within a cell, actin filaments are rarely found outside of the nucleus. 3) Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other. 4) Chemicals that block the assembly of the cytoskeleton would have little effect on a cell's response to external stimuli.
3) Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.
Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells? Question 18 options: 1) Prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane system. 2) The mechanism of protein secretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes. 3) Proteins secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. 4) Prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack ribosomes.
3) Proteins secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume? Question 10 options: 1) Pinch the edges of the cube into small folds. 2) Flatten the cube into a pancake shape. 3) Round the clay up into a sphere. 4) Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape
3) Round the clay up into a sphere.
Gaucher disease is the most common of lipid storage diseases in humans. It is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme necessary for lipid metabolism. This leads to a collection of fatty material in organs of the body including the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, and bone marrow.Using your knowledge of the structure of eukaryotic cells, identify the statement below that best explains how internal membranes and the organelles of cells would be involved in Gaucher disease. Question 61 options: 1) The mitochondria are most likely defective and do not produce adequate amounts ofATP needed for cellular respiration. 2) The rough endoplasmic reticulum contains too many ribosomes which results in anoverproduction of the enzyme involved in carbohydrate catalysis. 3) The lysosomes lack sufficient amounts of enzymes necessary for the metabolism oflipids. 4) The Golgi apparatus produces vesicles with faulty membranes that leak their contentsinto the cytoplasm of the cell.
3) The lysosomes lack sufficient amounts of enzymes necessary for the metabolism of lipids.
H. V. Wilson worked with sponges to gain some insight into exactly what was responsible for holding adjacent cells together. He exposed two species of differently pigmented sponges to a chemical that disrupted the cell-cell interaction (cell junctions), and the cells of the sponges dissociated. Wilson then mixed the cells of the two species and removed the chemical that caused the cells to dissociate. Wilson found that the sponges reassembled into two separate species. The cells from one species did not interact or form associations with the cells of the other species. How do you explain the results of Wilson's experiments? Question 60 options: 1) The two species of sponge had different enzymes that functioned in the reassembly process. 2) The molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion (cell junctions) were irreversibly destroyed during the experiment. 3) The molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion (cell junctions) differed between the two species of sponge. 4) One cell functioned as the nucleus for each organism, thereby attracting only cells of the same pigment.
3) The molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion (cell junctions) differed between the two species of sponge.
The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures? Question 53 options: 1) They must block water and small molecules to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. 2) They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume. 3) They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell. 4) They are composed of a mixture of lipids and nucleotides.
3) They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell.
The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you most likely expect to be the immediate consequence? Question 20 options: 1) the loss of all nuclear function 2) the inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division 3) a change in the shape of the nucleus 4) failure of chromosomes to carry genetic information
3) a change in the shape of the nucleus
Which of the following is NOT true? Both chloroplasts and mitochondria _____. Question 33 options: 1) have their own DNA 2) have multiple membranes 3) are part of the endomembrane system 4) are capable of reproducing themselves
3) are part of the endomembrane system
Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells? Question 15 options: 1) mitochondria 2) microtubules 3) centrosomes 4) peroxisomes
3) centrosomes
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures? Question 43 options: 1) membrane proteins of the inner nuclear envelope 2) free ribosomes and ribosomes attached to the ER 3) components of the cytoskeleton 4) cellulose fibers in the cell wall
3) components of the cytoskeleton
Where are proteins produced other than on ribosomes free in the cytosol or ribosomes attached to the ER? Question 39 options: 1) in the extracellular matrix 2) in the Golgi apparatus 3) in mitochondria 4) in the nucleolus
3) in mitochondria
In a plant cell, DNA may be found _____. Question 36 options: 1) only in the nucleus 2) only in the nucleus and chloroplasts 3) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts 4) in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes
3) in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that _____. Question 2 options: 1) light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy 2) light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy 3) light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells 4) light microscopy provides higher contrast than electron microscopy
3) light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells
Which of the following macromolecules leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane? Question 17 options: 1) DNA 2) amino acids 3) mRNA 4) phospholipids
3) mRNA
Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? Question 12 options: 1) chloroplast 2) central vacuole 3) mitochondrion 4) centriole
3) mitochondrion
Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from _____. Question 40 options: 1) a bacterium 2) an animal but not a plant 3) nearly any eukaryotic organism 4) a plant but not an animal
3) nearly any eukaryotic organism
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? Question 19 options: 1) lipids 2) glycogen 3) proteins 4) nucleic acids
3) proteins
Vinblastine, a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization, is used to treat some forms of cancer. Cancer cells given vinblastine would be unable to _____. Question 45 options: 1) form cleavage furrows during cell division 2) migrate by amoeboid movement 3) separate chromosomes during cell division 4) maintain the shape of the nucleus
3) separate chromosomes during cell division
Cell size is limited by _____. Question 8 options: 1) the number of proteins within the plasma membrane 2) the surface area of mitochondria in the cytoplasm 3) surface to volume ratios 4) the size of the endomembrane system
3) surface to volume ratios
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition? Question 28 options: 1) the endoplasmic reticulum 2) the Golgi apparatus 3) the lysosome 4) mitochondrion
3) the lysosome
In a bacterium, we will find DNA in _____. Question 14 options: 1) a membrane-enclosed nucleus 2) mitochondria 3) the nucleoid 4) ribosomes
3) the nucleoid
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell? Question 31 options: 1) ER → Golgi → nucleus 2) Golgi → ER → lysosome 3) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane 4) ER → lysosomes → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
3) ER → Golgi → vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
The Golgi apparatus has a polarity, or sidedness, to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity? Question 25 options: 1) Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. 2) Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. 3) Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. 4) All of the listed responses correctly describe polarity characteristics of the Golgi function.
4) All of the listed responses correctly describe polarity characteristics of the Golgi function.
Cilia and flagella bend because of _____. Question 48 options: 1) conformational changes in ATP that thrust microtubules laterally 2) a motor protein called radial spokes 3) the quick inward movements of water by osmosis. 4) a motor protein called dynein
4) a motor protein called dynein
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell EXCEPT _____. Question 7 options: 1) a cell wall 2) a plasma membrane 3) ribosomes 4) an endoplasmic reticulum
4) an endoplasmic reticulum
Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through _____. Question 57 options: 1) plasmodesmata 2) tight junctions 3) desmosomes 4) gap junctions
4) gap junctions
The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following? Question 55 options: 1) gap junctions 2) the nucleus 3) DNA and RNA 4) integrins
4) integrins
Asbestos is a material that was once used extensively in construction. One risk from working in a building that contains asbestos is the development of asbestosis caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Cells will phagocytize asbestos, but are not able to degrade it. As a result, asbestos fibers accumulate in _____. Question 32 options: 1) mitochondria 2) ribosomes 3) peroxisomes 4) lysosomes
4) lysosomes
Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely involved in this disease? Question 42 options: 1) lysosomes 2) Golgi apparatus 3) ribosomes 4) mitochondria
4) mitochondria
Researchers tried to explain how vesicular transport occurs in cells by attempting to assemble the transport components. They set up microtubular tracks along which vesicles could be transported, and they added vesicles and ATP (because they knew the transport process requires energy). Yet, when they put everything together, there was no movement or transport of vesicles. What were they missing? Question 47 options: 1) an axon 2) contractile microfilaments 3) endoplasmic reticulum 4) motor proteins
4) motor proteins
Cytochalasin D is a drug that prevents actin polymerization. A cell treated with cytochalasin D will still be able to _____. Question 50 options: 1) divide into two 2) contract muscle fibers 3) extend pseudopodia 4) move vesicles within a cell
4) move vesicles within a cell
In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and _____. Question 37 options: 1) combine the hydrogen with water molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide 2) use the hydrogen to break down hydrogen peroxide 3) transfer the hydrogen to the mitochondria 4) transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide
4) transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide