Ch.5

Water is one of the few substances that exists naturally on Earth in all three states of matter (ice, water, and water vapor). True False

True

All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except : evaporation. sea ice melting. iceberg melting. precipitation. river runoff.

evaporation.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. change in state from liquid to gas halocline condensation sublimation evaporation pycnocline

evaporation

Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale? stream runoff evaporation melting glaciers river discharge precipitation

evaporation

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true? A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. A decrease in salinity increases seawater density. None of the listed choices is correct; seawater density is independent of salinity and temperature changes. An increase in temperature increases seawater density. An increase in salinity increases seawater density

A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. An increase in salinity increases seawater density

All the following statements regarding pH are true except : As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic. A pH of 3.0 is acidic and a pH of 10.0 is alkaline. pH will be buffered in deeper water where organisms with calcite shells sink. pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution. Buffers prevent large changes in the pH of a solution.

As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic.

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater? Observe the clarity of the water. Measure ocean depth. Pass electrical current through the water. Evaporate the water sample, and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. Record the temperature of the water. Determine very exactly the amount of light that can pass through the water.

Pass electrical current through the water. Evaporate the water sample, and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out.

Why do ionic compounds dissolve readily in water? The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the cohesive properties of water. The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the specific heat of water. The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the polarity of water. The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the latent heat of water. The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the surface tension of water.

The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the polarity of water.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms electrons atoms covalent bonds hydrogen bonds ions

covalent bonds

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________. evaporation is much greater than precipitation both precipitation and evaporation rates are high both precipitation and evaporation rates are low evaporation is much less than precipitation precipitation occurs only as snowfall

evaporation is much greater than precipitation

In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is: a function of salinity. about the same as other liquids. higher than other liquids. related to solvent concentration. lower than other liquids

higher than other liquids.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in density with depth condensation pycnocline sublimation halocline evaporation

pycnocline

A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is called a: barocline. thermocline. halocline. pycnocline. isocline.

pycnocline.

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that: the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location. ocean salinity varies as a function of season. the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth. the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change. ocean salinity varies with geographical location.

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________. in the mid latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean in the Persian Gulf off the coast of Washington and Oregon in the trade wind belt of the North Pacific Ocean in the Mediterranean Sea

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true? Additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is getting into the ocean, overwhelming the natural carbonate buffering system. In a natural state, the carbonate buffering system protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too alkaline. On the pH scale, 7 is neutral, the low numbers indicate highly alkaline substances, and the high numbers indicate highly acidic substances. Seawater is slightly acidic. The pH of seawater averages about 8.1 and ranges from about 8.0 to 8.3.

Additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is getting into the ocean, overwhelming the natural carbonate buffering system. In a natural state, the carbonate buffering system protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too alkaline. The pH of seawater averages about 8.1 and ranges from about 8.0 to 8.3.

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the: pycnocline. halocline. isocline. thermocline. barocline.

thermocline.

Of the following statements about the density of freshwater and the formation of ice, which is/are true? Water's maximum density is at 4ºC. As the temperature of water decreases from 20ºC to 4ºC, its density also decreases. Water at 2ºC is less dense than it is at 4ºC. As the temperature of water decreases from 4ºC to 0ºC, its density decreases. Ice is less dense than liquid water, which is why ice floats.

As the temperature of water decreases from 20ºC to 4ºC, its density also decreases.

If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water? Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. Catch and melt fresh falling snow. Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. Melt recently frozen seawater. Take seawater and freeze and melt it several times to purify it.

Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. Catch and melt fresh falling snow. Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago Take seawater and freeze and melt it several times to purify it.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. desalination B. solar distillation C. pycnocline D. electrolysis E. reverse osmosis

C. pycnocline

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of: calorie. latent heat of condensation. latent heat of evaporation. thermal capacity. boiling point elevation

Calorie

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. sodium ion B. calcium ion C. potassium ion D. hydrogen ion E. magnesium ion

D. hydrogen ion

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. temperature B. salinity C. thermocline D. pycnocline E. distillation

E. distillation

At high latitudes, abundant precipitation and runoff from melting of freshwater icebergs both increase salinity. True False

False

Greater temperature fluctuations are seen in coastal areas due to the marine effect. True False

False

In distillation, saltwater is highly pressurized to drive water molecules through a membrane to remove salts. True False

False

Processes that decrease seawater salinity include evaporation and sea ice formation. True False

False

Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in seawater including dissolved and suspended substances. True False

False

The density of seawater is slightly lower than the density pure water. True False

False

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC, and then it remains constant as the ice melts. It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise. It immediately begins to rise slowly. The temperature pattern cannot be predicted. It rises rapidly as the ice melts

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

Except for the water itself, the chloride ion is the most abundant constituent in seawater. True False

True

Of the following statements about seawater properties in high and low latitudes, which is/are true? There is a thermocline in low latitudes. There is a thermocline in high latitudes. There is a halocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in high latitudes. There is a pycnocline in low latitudes. There is a pycnocline in high latitudes.

There is a thermocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in high latitudes. There is a pycnocline in low latitudes.

As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly alkaline. True False

True

Chlorinity, which is the weight of the chloride ion of a water sample, can be used to calculate salinity. True False

True

Independent of the actual salinity, the ratios or proportions of the major dissolved constituents of seawater such as chloride, sodium, and magnesium are relatively constant. True False

True

The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature. True False

True

The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C. True False

True

The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting. True False

True

Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion. True False

True

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Water has cohesion and surface tension. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. Water molecules have polarity. Snowflakes form six-sided crystals.

Water has cohesion and surface tension. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. Water molecules have polarity. Snowflakes form six-sided crystals.

Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true? When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another. When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, its latent heat of condensation releases heat to the environment; this is what powers hurricanes. In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds.

When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another. When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, its latent heat of condensation releases heat to the environment; this is what powers hurricanes.

The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules __________. are organic are smaller than water molecules have a high heat capacity are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar have no latent heat

are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. basic building blocks of all matter electrons hydrogen bonds ions atoms covalent bonds

atoms

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. precipitation increases seawater salinity decreases seawater salinity

decreases seawater salinity

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. river input increases seawater salinity decreases seawater salinity

decreases seawater salinity

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in salinity with depth condensation pycnocline halocline sublimation evaporation

halocline

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? high heat capacity low heat capacity high viscosity high salinity low viscosity

high heat capacity

Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to: high surface tension. high viscosity. strong covalent bonds. low viscosity. low surface tension

high surface tension.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. high temperature decreases seawater salinity increases seawater salinity

increases seawater salinity

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. sea ice formation increases seawater salinity decreases seawater salinity

increases seawater salinity

The surface tension of water: increases as density decreases. is related to salinity. is very similar in other liquids. is relatively low. is relatively high.

is relatively high

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by: density. salinity. pH. temperature. chlorinity.

temperature.

Of the following processes, which INCREASES the salinity of seawater? glaciers calving into the ocean, producing icebergs that melt the formation of sea ice Precipitation Runoff Evaporation sea ice melting

the formation of sea ice Evaporation

By measuring only chlorinity (concentration of the chloride ion, Cl-) in seawater, we can then calculate the total salinity. This is an application of _________. hydrodynamic equilibrium the marine effect the principle of constant proportions chemical residence time the salinity equilibrium constant

the principle of constant proportions