Ch.5 Ethical Applications of Informatics

Casuistry

Grew out of the concern for more concrete methods of examining ethical dilemmas Case-based ethical reasoning method Facts are analyzed and compared to decisions arising out of consensus in previous paradigmatic cases.

Antiprinciplism

Prompted by technology movement. Claim that principlism does not consider a person's psychological factors, personality, life history, sexual orientation, etc.

Beneficence

Actions performed that contribute to the welfare of others. Positive beneficence: benefit to others Utility: Benefit to whole (drawback may be required to provide most benefit to society) Desire to do good

Why do smartphones or apps raise concerns about ethics in healthcare?

Apps can intentionally or accidentally reveal too much information about a patient that identifies them and unveils private information to people or entities not privy to information .

Principlism

Arose as societies became more heterogeneous with morals, beliefs and thought systems. Societies started to experience a diversity in believe and values. Incompatible. Principles provided a foundation for all belief systems regardless of an individual's background or beliefs

Basis of principlism

Autonomy Beneficence Nonmaleficence Justice

6 Standards of Bioethical Decision Making

Autonomy, freedom, veracity (right to truth, privacy, beneficence (do good), and fidelity (faithfulness to promise)

A nurse is explaining justice in health care to a nursing student. Which statement is correct? A. "Justice refers to the individual's freedom from controlling interferences by others and from personal limitations that prevent meaningful choices." B. "Justice refers to fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment no matter what is owed to a person." C. "Justice refers to actions performed that contribute to the welfare of others." D. "Justice is intentionally imposing risks that are unreasonable and unintentionally but carelessly imposing risks."

B

New technologies used in health care, such as smartphones and Google Glass, create potential ethical issues associated with: A. interoperability. B. privacy and confidentiality. C. cognitive load. D. the human technology interface.

B

A nurse is considering a social convention about right and wrong human conduct that has formed a communal social consensus, known as which of the following? A. A right B. A value C. A moral D. A bioethic

C

A nurse is discussing options in the treatment plan with a patient who speaks another language. To enhance interaction and exchange of data and information, the nurse will use which of the following? A. An Internet website on the medical condition B. A family member as a translator C. A technologically based translator D. Another nurse to translate the information

C

A nurse is teaching a nursing student about the use of social media and health care. Which statement is correct by the nurse? A. "Nurses can use social media at work as long as they don't post pictures of themselves with patients." B. "Posts on social media can be deleted, so caution in posting is overrated." C. "Nurses must use social media cautiously to protect patients' rights." D. "Social media is safe for nurses to use because individuals can restrict access to posts."

C

Ethics is best described as A. ever-changing principles that guide decision making. B. paradigmatic changes that involve rhythmic processes central to the healthcare system. C. a process of systematically examining varying viewpoints related to moral questions of right and wrong. D. a revolution in health care brought on by technologic change.

C

The main goal of any ethical decision is to: A. promote trust. B. promote professionalism. C. reach a rational justifiable decision. D. generate knowledge.

C

Which of the following terms matches this definition: "Do no harm, or an obligation not to inflict harm intentionally" A. Privacy B. Confidentiality C. Nonmaleficence D. ethical decision making

C

What are the 4 cardinal virtues according to Plato? A. wisdom, independence, self-control, and justice B. imagination, courage, self-control, and justice C. wisdom, courage, self-control, and revenge D. wisdom, courage, self-control, and justice

D

ETHICAL model for decision making

E: Examine the ethical dilemma (Examine) T: Thoroughly comprehend the possible alternatives available (Comprehend) H: Hypothesize ethical arguments (Hypothesize) I: Investigate, compare, and evaluate the argument for each alternative (Investigate, compare, evaluate) C: Choose the alternative you would recommend (Choose) A: Act on the chosen alternative (Act on) L: Look at the ethical dilemma and examine the outcomes while reflecting on the ethical decisions (Look)

Virtue ethics

Emphasizes the virtuous character of individuals. Suggests individuals use power to bring about human benefit. We must consider the needs of others and that responsibility to meet those needs

Moral Dilemma

Evidence indicates that an act is morally right and some evidence indicates the act is morally wrong; yet the evidence on both sides is inconclusive; or an individual believes that on moral grounds, he or she cannot commit an act

Justice

Fair, equitable, and appropriate treatment in light of what is due or owed to a person. Social distribution of benefits and burdens

Autonomy

Individual's freedom from controlling interferences by others and from personal limitations that prevent meaningful choice. Free-will or agency

Ethical decision making

Making informed choices about ethical dilemma based on a set of standards differentiating right from wrong.

Nonmaleficence

Obligation not to inflict harm intentionally and forms the framework for the standard of due care to be met by any professional Desire not to harm

Care Ethics

Responsiveness to the needs of others dictates providing care, preventing harm, and maintaining relationships. Less guided by care and focuses on needs of others and one's responsibility to meed those needs.

Nursing Code of Ethics

The nurse holds in confidence personal information and uses judgment in sharing this information.

Ethics

The process of systemically examining varying viewpoints related to moral questions of right and wrong. A dialectical goal-oriented approach to answering questions with multiple appropriate answers.

Bioethics

The study and formulation of healthcare ethics.

Ethical dilemmas arise when issues raise questions that cannot be answered with a simple, clearly defined rule, fact, or authoritative view. True False

True

Ethical Dilemma

When moral issues raise questions that cannot be answered with a simple, clearly defined rule, fact or authoritative view.

Hippocratic tradition

Where societies generally shared common beliefs or moral values

Plato's 4 Cardinal Virtues

Wisdom, Courage, Self-Control, and Justice