ch.8/9
Which of the following is an example of cross-sectional research?
A study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5 year olds, 15 year olds, and 25 year olds
Which of the following exemplify Piaget's theory of accommodation? (Select all that apply.)
A young girl calls all adult males "daddy" but soon learns there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them. A young boy calls all liquids "milk," but over time, he learns that there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them.
Which of the following examples best fits into the socioemotional process component of development?
A young man's newfound aggressiveness in sports
Which of the following is typical of the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget? (Select all that apply.)
Abstract thinking is not yet developed. It involves logical reasoning.
Researchers who examined brain responses in adolescents and children found which of the following?
Adolescents showed stronger brain responses to changes in emotional facial expressions.
The free-radical theory of aging states that which of the following?
Aging occurs as a result of unstable molecules damaging DNA and cells.
Which of the following is a big entity that is the consequence of the interaction of multiple low-level factors?
An emergent property
What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?
Cognitive development
Executive function refers to which of the following?
Complex cognitive processes
Which of the following is the correct description of the prenatal developmental stages?
Conception begins the germinal period; this is followed by the embryonic period and finally the fetal period.
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 7 to 12 years and is characterized by logical thought, reversibility, and the loss of egocentrism?
Concrete operational
Harry Harlow's classic study with baby monkeys demonstrated which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Contact comfort A preference for warmth and nestling
Which approach to infant cognitive development is based on the idea that babies are born with "prewired" knowledge systems that allow them to make sense of their worlds?
Core knowledge approach
According to Vygotsky, scaffolding is which of the following?
Created by interacting with expert thinkers who spur cognitive development
In a research study, Dr. Lopez asked people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as which of the following?
Cross-sectional
What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of development?
Culture
Which of the following statements apply to a person's role in his or her own development? (Select all that apply.)
It is an active role. It is an interactive role.
Which of these is a major criticism of the nativist approach to infant cognitive development?
It underestimates the role of the infant's environment in shaping development
Which of the following are involved in life themes? (Select all that apply.)
Life goals Activities Social relationships
According to Vygotsky, ________is a kind of framework that allows the child's cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.
scaffolding
According to Piaget, a ________is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.
schema
According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating _____ experiences with _____ actions.
sensory; physical
Which of the following is true of adolescent egocentrism? (Select all that apply.)
The adolescent has a sense of invincibility. Adolescents believe that others are as preoccupied with them as they are with themselves.
Neurogenesis is which of the following?
The growth of new neurons
What did Harry Harlow's study on infant monkeys demonstrate?
The importance of a mother providing warmth
Which of the following statements are typically true regarding girls who are "early bloomers" (i.e., enter puberty earlier than their peers)? (Select all that apply.)
They are less outgoing and less popular. They are more likely to become sexually active. They are more likely to smoke and use drugs.
How do nativist approaches to infant cognitive development differ from Piaget's theory?
They assume infants are born with more knowledge than Piaget gave them credit for.
A person is born with some serious physical problems but perseveres throughout development and chooses environmental reinforcers that allow them to construct a unique developmental path. Which of the following best describes this process?
This person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment.
In which of the following ways is operational thought tested in the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget's theory?
Through the principle of reversibility
True or false: Older adults may be less able to adapt than younger adults and are limited in how much they can improve their cognitive skills.
True
True or false: The effects of teratogens depend upon the timing of exposure.
True
Early maturation for girls predicts which of the following?
Vulnerability to a number of problems
The core knowledge approach to infant cognitive development is based on the idea that _____.
babies are born with "prewired" knowledge systems that allow them to make sense of their worlds
Physical declines in middle and late adulthood _____,
can be moderated through lifestyle choices
The biological theory of aging known as the _____ theory states that cells can divide a maximum of about 100 times and that as we age, our cells become less capable of dividing.
cellular-clock
The time period of development from birth until 10 years of age is referred to as ______.
childhood
Sam has recently started to learn a second language. In developmental terms, this is an example of _____
cognitive change
Sam has recently started to learn a second language. In developmental terms, this is an example of _____.
cognitive change
Dr. Franklin wants to assess the intelligence of 1,000 people ages 20, 30 and 40. If he does this as a cross-sectional study, he has some concerns that since these people were all born at different times and have had different experiences and opportunities, there may be _____.
cohort effects
_______occurs when a single sperm cell from the male penetrates the female's ovum.
conception
According to Piaget, _______is a belief that objects continue to possess physical attributes (such as volume) despite superficial changes.
conservation
A(n) _____ in lateralization in older adults may improve cognitive functioning.
decrease
What is the cause of the hot flashes associated with menopause?
decrease in estrogen
________refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.
development
What is a limitation of cross-sectional research?
differences between age groups may be due to similarities within cohorts
Renée Baillargeon disagrees with Piaget's views of object permanence. Baillargeon believes that object permanence abilities emerge _____.
earlier than Piaget thought
Boys who mature _____ tend to show more positive socioemotional outcomes.
earlier than their peers
A criticism of the _________approach to infant cognitive development is that it downplays the importance of environmental experiences the infant has and their impact on development.
nativist
______approaches to infant cognitive development suggest that infants are born with more knowledge than Piaget's theory gave them credit for.
nativist
In developmental psychology, the term ____________refers to an individual's environmental and social experiences.
nurture
Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of the sensorimotor stage, at which a child understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen, is _____.
object permanence
You show a child a toy and then hide that toy behind a chair, and when the child wants the toy, he or she only looks in plain sight, not behind the chair. According to Piaget, the child could be said to lack a mastery of _____.
object permanence
Phenotype is defined as a person's _____.
observable characteristics
When Piaget referred to_________, he meant mental representations that are reversible.
operations
One way older adults deal with age-related physical changes is by changing their goals and developing new days to engage in desired activities. This process is called selective _______ with _______.
optimization compensation
A person's __________is his or her observable characteristics and shows the contributions of both nature and nurture.
phenotype
Adrianne has recently entered menopause. In developmental terms, this is an example of _____.
physical change
Dr. Salzano is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. He wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents rather than look at the two pictures equally. Dr. Salzano is using the _____ technique.
preferential looking
Which of the following is a brain area that shrinks with age?
prefrontal cortex
____ infants are those who are born prior to 37 weeks after conception.
preterm
______ is the period of physical development during which sexual organs mature.
puberty
For each genotype, a __________of phenotypes may be expressed, depending on environmental experiences.
range
Jayden's mother took him to a mother-infant swim class. When she dropped Jayden in the shallow end of the pool, she was surprised to see that he instinctively held his breath and moved his arms and legs in swimming movements. This is an example of a _______.
reflex
______are automatic responses such as grasping something that touches the fingers.
reflexes
A person's ability to adapt to or recover from difficult circumstances is known as _____.
resilience
Infants who are securely attached are more likely, compared to those with insecure attachment, to have mothers who _____.
respond to the baby's needs
Which of the following is an example of longitudinal research?
study the same group of people for over 10 years
Connections between neurons are known as _____ connections
synaptic
Scientists have tried to explain why cells lose their ability to divide. Each time a cell divides, the _______that protect the ends of the chromosomes become shorter and shorter. After about 100 replications, they are dramatically reduced, and the cell can no longer reproduce.
telomeres
Which of the following refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding?
temperament
_______ is a basic, innate emotional disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood.
temperament
Alcohol, viruses, and nicotine are all categorized as_________because they can cause birth defects when a fetus is exposed to them.
teratogen
The effects of a _______on prenatal development depend upon the timing of the fetus's exposure; the body part or organ system that is developing at the time of exposure is most vulnerable to the effects.
teratogen
What is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life called?
Wisdom
Which of the following terms describes the fertilized egg in the first two weeks of prenatal development?
Zygote
According to Piaget's theory, which of the following occurs when people adjust schemas to new information?
accommodation
Jake is 14 years old and feels very uncomfortable being seen with his parents in public. He is certain that everyone is looking at him. Jake is showing_______ egocentrism.
adolescent
Researchers examining brain reactivity found that participants in the _______age group had stronger brain responses to changes in emotional facial expression.
adolescent
Recent research has found that the _____, the part of the brain that involves emotions, matures in adolescents well before the frontal lobes, which are involved with higher-order thinking.
amygdala
Baby X was one of Mary Ainsworth's participants in the "strange situation" procedure. When his mother left the room, he responded with distress and then raged at her when she returned. This classified him as _____.
an insecurely attached infant
Newborns reflexively suck everything that touches their lips. Their experience in sucking various objects allows them to _____ those objects into schemas of taste, texture, shape, and so on. After several months of experience, they _____ the sucking schema by being more selective with it.
assimilate; accommodate
Three-year-old Megan encounters a swinging chair that is hung from the ceiling by a hook. Once she is told what it is, she incorporates the new chair into her existing "chair schema." According to Piaget's theory, this is called _____.
assimilation
Two-year-old Iris has just seen a cow for the first time. Having never seen one before, she searched her memory, came up with the only four-legged animal she knows, and announced "doggy!" This is an example of _____.
assimilation
________occurs when an individual fits new information into existing schemas, whereas_________happens when an individual changes their schemas in response to new information.
assimilation accommodation
Kirsten and her newborn have a close emotional bond. Kirsten believes this is important because it "sets the stage" for relationships later in life. This bond, according to Bowlby, is _____.
attachment
Some developmental psychology researchers use the term "infant_________ " to describe the initial important connection to a caregiver that provides a foundation for later development
attachment
Which of the following are typical brain changes that occur during infancy and childhood? (Select all that apply.)
-Unneeded brain cells are purged over time. -The number of synaptic connections increases greatly. -Some parts of the brain nearly double in size.
According to Piaget, during what period is the formal operational stage predominant?
12 years through adulthood
At around what age is the human body at its physical peak?
20
By _____ of age, infants prefer looking at real faces (compared to scrambled faces) and prefer their mother's face to a stranger's face.
3 months
Researcher Renée Baillargeon has found that infants as young as _____ expect objects to be substantial and permanent.
3 to 4 months old
As early as _____ old, if infants are presented with two faces with moving mouths, infants will watch the face whose mouth matches the sounds they hear.
7 days
According to Erikson, each of the _____ stages of socioemotional development represents a developmental task or crisis that a person must negotiate.
8
According to Piaget, conservation is which of the following?
A belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes
Which boy is more likely to have a positive self-concept?
A boy who enters puberty at 12
What do psychologists mean when they talk about "resilience"?
A person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty
Criticisms of attachment theory include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Attachment may be due to shared genes rather than experiences. The theory does not adequately account for cultural variations. The theory does not adequately account for differences in infant temperament, which might affect the nature of the attachment relationship
Which of the following is the best example of the interplay between motor and perceptual skills in infancy?
Baby Sam learns about falling off of things when he accidentally scoots down a small step in his family's living room.
Which of the following are characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders? (Select all that apply.)
Below-average intelligence Heart defects Flattened nose and wide-spaced eyes
Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the nature-nurture influence?
Biological inheritance
Why do most individuals lose height in middle and late adulthood?
Bone loss in the vertebrae
Which of the following are aspects of socioemotional processes in developmental psychology? (Select all that apply.)
Changes in emotion Changes in relationships and personality
Development in terms of biological processes involves which of the following changes? (Select all that apply.)
Changes in motor skills Maturation Hormonal changes
Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that he is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage? (Select all that apply.)
Children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations. A child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric.
Which statement best summarizes the relationship between motor skills and perceptual skills in infancy?
Each one continuously affects the other.
Which of the following are features of Bowlby's theory on attachment? (Select all that apply.)
Early relationships become internalized and guide future social behavior. Attachment is a natural part of being human.
Which is the stage of prenatal development in which the beginnings of organs appear?
Embryo
________ _______refers to complex cognitive processes such as thinking, planning, and problem solving.
Executive function
Which of the following examples represent "nature" influences? (Select all that apply.)
Family history of hair loss Eye color
Which of the following statements describes conception?
Fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed.
Which stage of prenatal development is characterized by an increase in organ function and considerable weight gain, especially "baby fat"?
Fetal period
Menarche is which of the following?
First menstrual cycle
Which of the following is true of a zygote? (Select all that apply.)
It is a fertilized egg. It is a single cell with 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 chromosomes from the father.
According to Piaget, when someone begins thinking about thinking, they have reached which stage of development?
Formal operational
During what stage of cognitive development is the mastery of logical and abstract thinking of paramount concern?
Formal operational
Madeleine is 16 years old. She is able to think somewhat like a scientist, devising plans to solve problems and testing solutions. Which of Piaget's stages is Madeleine most likely in?
Formal operational
Many adolescents and adults do not reason as logically as Piaget proposed in which of his stages of development?
Formal operational
From ages 3 to 6 years, the most rapid brain growth takes place in which area of the brain?
Frontal lobes
Rank the prenatal developmental stages in the correct order.
Germinal period Embryonic period Fetal period
Mary, 18 months old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has done which of the following?
Grasped the idea of object permanence
Which statement best describes how nature and nurture influence development?
Heredity sets the general level of intelligence, but environment also has an impact.
Which of the following are examples of teratogens? (Select all that apply.)
Heroin Thalidomide Alcohol
What causes the physical changes that occur during adolescence?
Hormone secretion
The hormonal stress theory of aging states which of the following?
Hormones released during periods of stress stay in the blood longer as people age.
Which of the following are examples of cognition? (Select all that apply.)
Imagining a future occupation Being able to speak and understand words Solving problems
Which statement about physical changes in adulthood is accurate?
Most people's physical peak occurs in their 20s.
Which of the following is the correct culture-based criticism of attachment theory?
In some cultures, infants show strong attachment to many people, not just a primary caregiver.
Which of the following best describes the results of the sticky mitten study?
Infants who used the "sticky mittens" looked at objects longer and were more likely to explore the objects.
Which theory of cognitive development focuses the most on attention, memory, and problem solving?
Information-processing theory
Which of the following are true in regard to Vygotsky's theory of development? (Select all that apply.)
It emphasizes collaborative learning. The goal of cognitive development is to become competent in your culture. Learning occurs through interaction with skilled others.
How does the information processing approach differ from Piaget's perspective on cognitive development?
It examines how people think, using common processes, at every phase of life.
Which brain region matures much earlier than the prefrontal cortex, is almost completely developed by early adolescence, and is where rewards are experienced?
Limbic system
According to Chess and Thomas's work on temperament, a child who is classified as a "slow-to-warm-up child" displays which of the following behaviors? (Select all that apply.)
Low activity level Withdrawal from new situations Minimal adaptability
A now-famous study involved following 700 individuals, and examining their donated brains after their death. The study is called the_____
Mankato Nun Study.
Why does hair become thinner and grayer in middle to late adulthood? (Select all that apply.)
Melanin production declines in older age. The replacement rate slows with age.
______ is the name for a girl's first menstrual cycle.
Menarche
A female who has stopped menstruating and is no longer fertile has gone through what process?
Menopause
Which of the following statements represents what Piaget meant by "operations"?
Mental representations that are reversible
According to recent longitudinal research, the highest level of functioning for four out of the six intellectual abilities examined occurred in what stage?
Middle adulthood
Researchers conducted a study involving infants and "sticky mittens." What are "sticky mittens"?
Mittens that are designed to stick to the edges of toys
Which of the following research studies is an ongoing study of the role of experience in maintaining brain function?
Nun Study of Mankato
Which statement about cognition in late adulthood is most accurate?
Older adults become slower at processing information.
Which of the following is true of memory in late adulthood? (Select all that apply.)
Older adults tend to do more poorly than younger adults in most aspects of memory. Older adults take longer than younger adults to retrieve information about the world but often can remember it.
Which of the following has been supported by recent research on cognition in early adulthood? (Select all that apply.)
One major task is to develop a worldview and to recognize that it is subjective. Thinking becomes more pragmatic and realistic.
Henry, who is 4 years old, understands that you can roll a ball of clay out into a long "snake" shape but not that there is the same amount of clay whether the clay is in a ball or in a long, thin rope. This is an illustration of which of Piaget's concepts in which of Piaget's stages?
Operations in Piaget's preoperational stage
Which of the following examples represent "nurture" influences? (Select all that apply.)
Peer pressure Nutrition in early childhood
Select the three domains of development.
Physical Cognitive Socioemotional
What are the three domains of development?
Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional
Which of the following statements are true regarding a preterm infant, an infant born before 37 weeks in the womb? (Select all that apply.)
Postnatal experience plays a crucial role in determining the ultimate effects of early birth. There is a risk for developmental difficulties.
Which of the following changes are typical of puberty? (Select all that apply.)
Rapid skeletal growth Hormonal changes Changes in the brain
Which of the following statements are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas? (Select all that apply.)
Schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills. A schema assists us in making sense of experience. A schema organizes information.
Elderly adults often adapt their goals and/or activities in response to physical limitations. This process is known as which of the following?
Selective optimization with compensation
Researchers have proposed that we should think about infants as being high or low on different dimensions, such as which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Self-regulation Negative affectivity Effortful control Inhibition
According to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in which stage?
Sensorimotor
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?
Sensorimotor
Baby Shanelle uses her mother as a "base" from which to explore the environment. What does this mean, according to Ainsworth?
Shanelle is securely attached.
Which of the following are examples of cognitive processes in development? (Select all that apply.)
Solving math problems Learning to read
Which of these are true about cognitive declines in late adulthood? (Select all that apply.)
Some types of "brain games" have been shown to help slow declines. Research shows that physical activity helps slow declines.
The physical changes that occur during early adulthood include which of the following?. (Select all that apply.)
Strength trends downward. Hearing loss is very common with age, Physical skills begin to decline,
Which of the following is NOT a behavior related to executive function in children?
The ability to visually identify a letter on the board
Jaime works in a daycare setting where she can observe different types of infant temperament. In her psychology class right now, the topic is temperament according to Chess and Thomas. Jaime cares for Evan, who is always in a positive mood and quickly establishes regular routines. She also cares for Isaac, who cries a lot, doesn't take to new routines, and is slow to adapt. Jaime thinks that Evan is a(n)______ child and Isaac is a(n) ______child.
easy difficult
One aspect of adolescent cognition is ________, a state of self-absorption in which a teenager views the world only from his or her own point of view.
egocentric
One aspect of adolescent cognition is________, a state of self-absorption in which a teenager views the world only from his or her own point of view.
egocentrism
What is the earliest stage of prenatal development at which a rudimentary heart beat can be identified?
embryo
A(n) ___________property is a big entity that is a consequence of the interaction between multiple low-level factors.
emergent
True or false: Brain imaging studies examining brain development in childhood show that the amount of brain material in some areas can nearly quadruple within as little as a year.
false
True or false: People are at their peak of physical development in their teens.
false
True or false: The sensory regions of the brain are more vulnerable to shrinking with age than areas such as the prefrontal cortex.
false
You meet two adolescents, a boy and a girl, both of whom are entering puberty. One is 11 years old, the other is 13. Without knowing any other information, most likely the 11-year-old is a __________ (sex), and the 13-year-old is a _______(sex).
female male
The______ period of prenatal development lasts from around months 2 through 9.
fetal
______ ______ spectrum disorders are a cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in babies whose mothers ingested a very specific teratogen during pregnancy.
fetal alcohol
According to Piaget, the ______ __________ level of reasoning is reached when someone has the ability to use hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
formal operational
According to recent longitudinal research, the highest level of functioning for _____ intellectual abilities occurred in middle adulthood
four out of six
The biological theory of aging known as the _____ theory states that aging occurs as a result of unstable molecules damaging their DNA and cells.
free-radical
Genotype is defined as a person's _____.
genetic material
A person's ________gives her the potential to be tall, but this potential interacts with the environment and may result in a number of phenotypic representations.
genotye
Puberty typically occurs earlier in _____ than in _____.
girls; boys
Research has found that physical exercise interventions lead to increases in the size of the ______(a structure of the brain) and improved memory function.
hippocampus
Bowlby hypothesized that when a caregiver is warm and responsive to an infant's needs, an emotional bond is formed, known as ______ ______.
infant attachment
The _____ ________ approach differs from Piaget's perspective in that it doesn't look for qualitative differences across the lifespan; it examines how people use common cognitive processes at every phase of life.
information processing
The __________-_______theory of development focuses on cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and problem solving.
information processing
Piaget observed that children in the preoperational stage of development often are quite certain that they know the answer to something and are not bothered by the fact that they have not arrived at the answer through logical reasoning but through reliance on previous experiences and guessing. He called this _____.
intuitive thought
When a function is specialized in one or the other hemisphere of the brain, this is known as _____.
lateralization
To experience life in optimal ways, people develop what researchers call _______________ __________, which involve activities, social relationships, and life goals.
life themes
The ______ _______ is part of the brain, the seat of emotions, and where rewards are experienced.
limbic system
A psychologist has designed a research study in which the life attitudes of a group of participants are assessed at various points throughout their lives. This is most likely a ___________research study.
longitudinal
A psychologist has designed a research study in which the life attitudes of a group of participants are assessed at various points throughout their lives. This is most likely a ________research study.
longitudinal
Changes in two hormones, _____ and estradiol, lie at the core of development in puberty.
testosterone
The amygdala, which is a part of the brain involved with emotions, matures more rapidly in adolescents _____.
than the prefrontal lobes, which provide executive functioning or the "brakes" for these emotions
Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs _____.
throughout life
Dr. Abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. He shows infants cards with shapes of different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abramowitz's research can best be described as _____.
using the preferential looking technique
______is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life.
wisdom