Chap 14
Carousel apparatus
An apparatus used to study the effects of sleep deprivation in laboratory rats.
REM sleep atonia
Function is to prevent the acting out of dreams
Benzodiazepines
Gaba agonists, that were developed and tested for the TREATMENT OF ANXIETY In short terms they increase drowsiness and decrease the time it takes to fall asleep
Reticular activating system
Moruzzi and Magoun proposed that low levels of activity in the reticular formation produce sleep and that high levels produce wakefulness
Sleep inertia
Most people displayed strong preference for ration from sleeping too little, too much, which left groggy for several minutes when they awoke
Slow wave sleep
NREM 3 Is often referred to this, after the delta waves that characterize it This in particular, rather than sleep in general, appears to play the major RESTORATIVE ROLE
rapid eye movement (REM)
Occurs under the closed eyelids of sleepers during these periods of low voltage, fast EEG activity Characterised by rapid eye movement, loss of core muscle tone and emergent stage 1 EEG
Jet lag
Occurs when the Zeitgebers that control the phases of various circadian rythms are accelerated during eastbound flights (phase advances) or decelerated during westbound flights (phase delays)
Obstructive sleep apnea
Results from obstruction of the respiratory passages by muscle spasms or atonia, Often occurs in individuals who are vigorous snorers
Central sleep apnea
Results from the failure of the central nervous system to stimulate respiration
Nocturnal animals
Sleep for much of the day and stay awake at night unlike humans
soporific
Sleep promoting effect
somniloquy
Sleep talking does not occur in REM sleep This has no special association with ram sleep it can occur during any stage but often occurs during the transition to wakefulness
sommnambulism
Sleepwalking does not occur during REM sleep This usually occurs during slow wave sleep and it never occurs during REM sleep, when core muscles than to be totally relaxed
REM sleep behavior disorder
Some patients experience REM sleep without core muscle atonia and it is common in individuals with Parkinson's disease
Free running period
The natural period of the rhythm if there are no external cues
Withdrawal symptoms
The patient cannot stop taking the drug without running the risk of experiencing this, which include insomnia
Sleep apnea
The patient with sleep apnea stops breathing many times each night. Each time, the patient awakens, begins to breathe again, and Jeff's back to sleep
Initial stage 1 EEG
The period of the stage 1 EEG that occurs at the onset of sleep; it is not associated with REM It is not marked by any striking electromyographic or electrooculography changes
Optic tracts
The sensory nerve for the eyes in the CNS after the optic chiasma
Optic nerves
The sensory nerve for the eyes in the PNS before the optic chiasma
Alpha waves
Waxing and waning bursts of 8 to 12 EEG waves Happens after the eyes are shut and a person appears to go to sleep this begins to punctuate the low-voltage high frequency waves of alert wakefulness
iatrogenic
produced by a physician Many cases of insomnia are _____ In large part because of sleeping pills
superior colliculi
visual reflex center
Restless leg syndrome
Uncomfortable sensations in legs causing movement and loss of sleep
Stage one sleep EEG
A low voltage, high frequency signal that is similar to, but slower than, that all alert wakefulness
Clock
A mammalion circadian gene discovered in mice
Meta-analysis
A combined analysis of results of more than one study
Imidazopyridines
A gaba agonist, marketed for the treatment of insomnia. Claims to have fewer adverse side effects and less potential for addition.
desynchronized EEG
A low amplitude, high frequency EEG
Melanopsin
A photopigment that is sensitive to ambient light
Tolerance
A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug.
K Complex
A single large negative waves (upward deflection) followed immediately by a single large positive wave (downward deflection)
Melatonin
A third class of sleep influencing drugs that compromises those that influence its circadian Rythmicity It is a hormone synthesized from the new transmitter serotonin in the pineal gland
Emergent Stage 1 EEG
All periods of stage 1 sleep EEG except initial stage 1; each is associated with REMs Accompanied by our REMs And by a loss of tone in the muscles of the body core
Recuperation theories of sleep
Being awake disrupts the homeostasis of the body in someway and sleep is required to restore it Function of sleep is the restore energy levels that declined during wakefulness and clear toxins from the brain and other tissues that accumulate during wakefulness
encephale isole preparation
Bremmer transected the brainstem is of a different group of cats. These transactions were located in caudal brainstem, and thus, They disconnected the brain from the rest of the nervous system
Free running rhythms
Circadian rhythm's in constant environments and their duration is called the free running period
Executive function
Cognitive abilities that appear to depend on the pre-frontal cortex This proved to be more susceptible to disruption by sleep loss, executive function includes innovative thinking, lateral thinking, insightful thinking, and a simulating new information to update plans and strategies
Entrain
Control the timing of
Transected
Cut through
Manifest dreams
Dreams we experience
Activation synthesis hypothesis
During REM sleep, many brainstem circuits become active and bombard the cerebral cortex with neutral signals States that the information supplied to the cortex during REM sleep is largely random and that the resulting dream is the cortex effort to make sense of these random signals
Zeitgebers
Environmental cues, such as the light-dark cycle, that entrain circadian rhythms
exogenous
Externally produced
Insomnia
Includes all disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep Having a hard to fall aslee and stay asleep
Hypersomnia
Includes disorders of excessive sleep or sleepiness, common symptoms of depression and bipolar disorder
Homeostasis
Internal Pysiological stability
Periodic limb movement disorder
Is characterized by periodic, Involuntary movements of the limbs, often involving twitches of the legs during sleep
Cerveau isolé preparation
Isolated forebrain Bremmer severed the brainstem of cats between their inferior colliculli and superior colliculi In order to disconnect there for brains from ascending sensory input
Sleep spindles
It is a 0.5 to 3 seconds waxing and waning burst of 9 to15 HZ Waves
default theory
It is a different approach to understanding the functions of REM sleeP It is difficult to stay continuously and non-REM sleep, so the brain periodically switches to one of two other states. If there are any immediate bodily needs to be taken care of, the brains switches to wakefulness; if there are no immediate needs, it switches to REM sleep
Pineal gland
It is an inconspicuous gland that is located in the midline of the brain just ventral to the rear portion of the corpus callosum It regulates circadian rhythm's and seasonal changes in your productive behavior through its release of melatonin
Chronobiotic
It is classified as a melatonin It is a substance that adjust the timing of internal biological rhythms
Stage 3 sleep EEG
It is defined by a predominance of delta waves
phase delay
It is easier to go to sleep four hours later and get up four hours later
phase advance
It is much more difficult to go to sleep four hours earlier and get up four hours earlier
Raphe nuclei
It is serotonergic, plays a role in sleep suggested that serotonergic drugs might be effective hypnotics
Nucleus magnocellularis
It is structure of a caudal reticular formation that evolved to control muscle relaxation during REM sleep
Sleep paralysis
It is the inability to move just as one is falling asleep or waking up
Atonia
Lack of muscle tone
suprachiasmatic nuclei
Large medial hypothalamus lesions were shown to disrupt various circadian cycles of eating, drinking and activity in rats, including sleep wake cycles This is the major circadian clocks in mammals
Dolphin
Marine mammal that sleeps with only half of their brain at the time so that the other half can control resurfacing for air
Circadian
Means lasting about a day
retinohypothalamic tract
Mediates The ability of light to entrain circadian rhythm's, neither rods nor cones are necessary for the entrainment
Posterior hypothalamus
Orexin is synthesized by neuron's in the region of the hypothalamus has been linked to the promotion of wakefulness maybe in its lateral regions
Microsleeps
Our brief periods of sleep, typically about two or three seconds long, during which the eyelids Droop and the volunteers become less responsive to external stimuli, even though they remain sitting or standing This severely disrupt the performance of tests of vigilance, but even sleep deprived individuals not experiencing this experienced some vigilance problems
Latent dreams
Real dreams
Adaptation theories of sleep
States that sleep is not a reaction of the disruptive effect of being awake but the result of an internal 20 for our timing mechanism that we humans are programmed to sleep at night regardless of what happens to us during the day
Circadian clock
The Pysiological systems that regulate sleep or controlled by an internal timing
Circadian rhythm
The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
First night phenomenon
The disturbance of sleep observed during the first night in the sleep laboratory
Dreams
The dreams recalled from non-REM sleep tended to be isolated experiences (I was falling), while those associated with the REM sleep tended to take the form of stories or narratives
Delta waves
The largest and slowest EEG Waves, with a frequency of one to two hz After a lengthy period of sleep deprivation, a person's first night of sleep is slightly longer than usual but it contains a higher proportion of these kind of waves
Shift workers
The zeitgebers State the same, but workers are forced to adjust their natural sleep - wake up in order to meet the demands of changing work schedules
hypnagogic hallucinations
These are dreamlike experiences during wakefulness
Hypnotic drugs
These are drugs that increase sleep
Antihypnotic drugs
These are drugs that reduce sleep
REM sleep related disorders
These are sleep disorders specific to ram sleep
polyphasic sleep cycles
They regularly sleep more than once per day, most common in mammals and infants
monophasic sleep cycles
They sleep once per day
internal desynchronization
They tend to sleep during the falling phase of their circadian body temperature cycle and the waking during its rising phase When subjects are housed and constant laboratory environment, their sleep wake and body temperature cycles sometimes break away from one another this is what you call this phenomenon
orexin (hypocretin)
This exists in two forms: Orexin a and orexin b
Antidepressants
This greatly reduce or abolish REM sleep without affecting aspects of dream recall
Stage 2 sleep EEG
This has a slightly higher amplitude and a lower frequency than the stage one EEG; in addition, it is punctuated by to characteristic waveforms: K complexes and sleep spindles
Neurotic pseudoinsomnia
This is subsequently found to be suffering from sleep apnea, nocturnal Myoclonus, Or other sleep disturbing problems
reticular formation
This is the wakefulness structure in the brain stem
Sleep latency
Time to fall asleep
tau
a protein that makes up the tangles found within neurons Abnormality was the result of a genetic mutation, and the gene that was mutated is called this
non-REM sleep
any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM
Sleep deprivation
any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability This has been found to have a variety of physiological consequences Such as reduced body temperature, increases and blood pressure, decreases in some aspects of immune function, or mono changes, and metabolic changes
inferior colliculi
auditory reflex center
hypnotic drugs
drugs that increase sleep
optic chiasm
point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain