chap. 27 practice quiz
________, the spore cases on the leaves of ferns, often occur in clusters called _______. the mature fern gametophyte is a tiny, green, often heart-shaped structure called a _________.
Sporangia, sori; prothallus
the ________ and _______ are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds.
angiosperms and gymnosperms
in plants, the male gametes form in the ________. in plants, the female gametes form in the ________.
antheridia archegonia
fossil evidence indicates that ________ are probably the first group of plants to arise from the common plant ancestor.
bryophytes
club mosses were major contributors to our present-day _________.
coal deposits
the waxy layer that covers aerial parts of plants is the:
cuticle
during asexual reproduction in liverworts, tiny balls of tissue called _______ form on the thallus, and after they are dispersed by raindrops they will develop into a new liverwort.
gemma
plant sperm cells form in:
haploid gametophyte plants, antheridia
the spore cases on a fern are:
often arranged in sori, called sporangia, usually on the fronds
a sporangia is:
on a vascular plant, on a diploid plant, found on ferns
the gametophyte generation of a plant:
produces haploid gametes by mitosis, is haploid
the sporophyte generation of a plant:
produces haploid spores by meiosis, is diploid
each moss plant has tiny, hair-like absorptive structures called _______.
rhizoids
in ferns, the sporophyte is composed mainly of an underground stem called the ________, from which extend true roots and leaves called ________.
rhizome, fronds
in plant life cycles:
the first stage in the diploid sporophyte generation is the zygote
spores grow:
to form a plant body by mitosis, into a haploid plant, into gametophyte plants
ferns:
- consists of a rhizome, roots, and fronds - are vascular plants - have motile sperm that swim through water to the egg-containing archegonium - the diversity is the greatest in the tropics
the carbon used by plants to make sugars and other organic molecules is obtained from _________ present in the atmosphere.
CO2
plants and the group from which they are thought to be derived have the same photosynthetic pigments. they both contain chlorophylls _____ and ______, and the carotenoids including xanthophylls (yellow pigments) and carotenes (orange pigments).
a and b
stomata:
allow gas exchange for photosynthesis
plants live one part of their lives in a multicellular haploid stage and another part in a multicellular diploid stage. having two stages to the life cycle is referred to as _______.
alternation of generations
hornworts belong to the phylum ______ and live in disturbed habitats such as fields and roadsides.
anthocerophyta
red algae, green algae, and land plants are collectively classified as:
archeaplastids
liverworts reproduce sexually and asexually. in sexual reproduction, the haploid gametangia are called ________ and _______.
archegonia and antheridia
in mosses, fertilization occurs in the ________. the transfer of gametes relies upon ______.
archegonium, water
liverworts:
are bryophytes, can produce archegonia and antheridia on a haploid gametophyte
of the four main groups of plants only the _________ lack a vascular system. this group reproduces via _________. the vascular plants include the ________, _______, _________.
bryophytes spores seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms
the leaves of vascular plants that evolved from branching stems:
contain more then one vascular strand, are megaphylls
the adaptation of plants to land environments involved a number of important adaptations. among them was the _____ that covers aerial parts, protecting the plant against water loss. openings in this covering also developed. these ______ facilitate the gas exchange that is necessary for photosynthesis.
cuticle, stomata
in the plant life cycle, the first stage in the sporophyte generation is the _______, and the ________ are the first stage of the gametophyte generation.
diploid zygote haploid spores
all plants:
evolved from green algae, develop from multicellular embryos, have a cuticle covering the aerial portion of the plant, store starch, are a monophyletic group
T or F: ferns are the most important group of bryophytes.
false
the two main clades of seedless vascular plants are ____ and _____.
ferns and club mosses
the sex organs of plants, or _______, as they are called, are multicellular structures producing gametes.
gametangia
the leafy green part of a moss is the:
gametophyte generation
the haploid part of the life cycle is called the __________. the diploid part of the life cycle is called the __________.
gametophyte generation sporophyte generation
because of the numerous characteristics that they share, plants are thought to have evolved from ancient forms of __________.
green algae
land plants are thought to have evolved from:
green algae
the bryophytes:
includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts AND are small plants that lack a vascular system
the green, gametangia-bearing moss plant:
is the haploid gametophyte generation
_____ is a polymer in the cell walls of large, vascular plants that strengthens and supports the plant and its conducting tissues.
lignin
a strengthening compound found in cell walls of vascular plants is:
lignin
plants have a character that distinguishes them from green algae. that characteristic is development from multicellular embryos enclosed in _____.
maternal tissues (ovary)
there are two basic types of true leaves: the small ______ with its single vascular strand and the larger _______ with multiple vascular strands. of these two types of leaves, the ________ represents the majority of leaves we see today.
microphyll, megaphyll; megaphyll
plants are considered to be a _______ group.
monophyletic
bryophytes can be separated into three groups. the groups are _______, _______, _______.
mosses, liverworts, hornworts
the stems of horsetails are impregnated with _________.
silica
the diploid zygote of mosses develops into a mature ________.
sporophyte
green algae and plants store excess carbohydrates as _________ and have __________ as a major component of their cell walls.
starch, cellulose
the body of a liverwort is a flattened, lobbed structure called a ________.
thallus
when a gamete produced by an archegonium fuses with a gamete produced by a male gametophyte plant, the results is:
the first stage in the sporophyte generation, a diploid zygote, fertilization
which of the following is not a characteristic of plants? - unicellular gametangia - multicellular embryo - cuticle - stomata - alternation of generations
unicellular gametangia
the two vascular tissue present in vascular plants are the ______ and the ________.
xylem, phloem