chap. 27 practice quiz

________, the spore cases on the leaves of ferns, often occur in clusters called _______. the mature fern gametophyte is a tiny, green, often heart-shaped structure called a _________.

Sporangia, sori; prothallus

the ________ and _______ are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds.

angiosperms and gymnosperms

in plants, the male gametes form in the ________. in plants, the female gametes form in the ________.

antheridia archegonia

fossil evidence indicates that ________ are probably the first group of plants to arise from the common plant ancestor.

bryophytes

club mosses were major contributors to our present-day _________.

coal deposits

the waxy layer that covers aerial parts of plants is the:

cuticle

during asexual reproduction in liverworts, tiny balls of tissue called _______ form on the thallus, and after they are dispersed by raindrops they will develop into a new liverwort.

gemma

plant sperm cells form in:

haploid gametophyte plants, antheridia

the spore cases on a fern are:

often arranged in sori, called sporangia, usually on the fronds

a sporangia is:

on a vascular plant, on a diploid plant, found on ferns

the gametophyte generation of a plant:

produces haploid gametes by mitosis, is haploid

the sporophyte generation of a plant:

produces haploid spores by meiosis, is diploid

each moss plant has tiny, hair-like absorptive structures called _______.

rhizoids

in ferns, the sporophyte is composed mainly of an underground stem called the ________, from which extend true roots and leaves called ________.

rhizome, fronds

in plant life cycles:

the first stage in the diploid sporophyte generation is the zygote

spores grow:

to form a plant body by mitosis, into a haploid plant, into gametophyte plants

ferns:

- consists of a rhizome, roots, and fronds - are vascular plants - have motile sperm that swim through water to the egg-containing archegonium - the diversity is the greatest in the tropics

the carbon used by plants to make sugars and other organic molecules is obtained from _________ present in the atmosphere.

CO2

plants and the group from which they are thought to be derived have the same photosynthetic pigments. they both contain chlorophylls _____ and ______, and the carotenoids including xanthophylls (yellow pigments) and carotenes (orange pigments).

a and b

stomata:

allow gas exchange for photosynthesis

plants live one part of their lives in a multicellular haploid stage and another part in a multicellular diploid stage. having two stages to the life cycle is referred to as _______.

alternation of generations

hornworts belong to the phylum ______ and live in disturbed habitats such as fields and roadsides.

anthocerophyta

red algae, green algae, and land plants are collectively classified as:

archeaplastids

liverworts reproduce sexually and asexually. in sexual reproduction, the haploid gametangia are called ________ and _______.

archegonia and antheridia

in mosses, fertilization occurs in the ________. the transfer of gametes relies upon ______.

archegonium, water

liverworts:

are bryophytes, can produce archegonia and antheridia on a haploid gametophyte

of the four main groups of plants only the _________ lack a vascular system. this group reproduces via _________. the vascular plants include the ________, _______, _________.

bryophytes spores seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms

the leaves of vascular plants that evolved from branching stems:

contain more then one vascular strand, are megaphylls

the adaptation of plants to land environments involved a number of important adaptations. among them was the _____ that covers aerial parts, protecting the plant against water loss. openings in this covering also developed. these ______ facilitate the gas exchange that is necessary for photosynthesis.

cuticle, stomata

in the plant life cycle, the first stage in the sporophyte generation is the _______, and the ________ are the first stage of the gametophyte generation.

diploid zygote haploid spores

all plants:

evolved from green algae, develop from multicellular embryos, have a cuticle covering the aerial portion of the plant, store starch, are a monophyletic group

T or F: ferns are the most important group of bryophytes.

false

the two main clades of seedless vascular plants are ____ and _____.

ferns and club mosses

the sex organs of plants, or _______, as they are called, are multicellular structures producing gametes.

gametangia

the leafy green part of a moss is the:

gametophyte generation

the haploid part of the life cycle is called the __________. the diploid part of the life cycle is called the __________.

gametophyte generation sporophyte generation

because of the numerous characteristics that they share, plants are thought to have evolved from ancient forms of __________.

green algae

land plants are thought to have evolved from:

green algae

the bryophytes:

includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts AND are small plants that lack a vascular system

the green, gametangia-bearing moss plant:

is the haploid gametophyte generation

_____ is a polymer in the cell walls of large, vascular plants that strengthens and supports the plant and its conducting tissues.

lignin

a strengthening compound found in cell walls of vascular plants is:

lignin

plants have a character that distinguishes them from green algae. that characteristic is development from multicellular embryos enclosed in _____.

maternal tissues (ovary)

there are two basic types of true leaves: the small ______ with its single vascular strand and the larger _______ with multiple vascular strands. of these two types of leaves, the ________ represents the majority of leaves we see today.

microphyll, megaphyll; megaphyll

plants are considered to be a _______ group.

monophyletic

bryophytes can be separated into three groups. the groups are _______, _______, _______.

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

the stems of horsetails are impregnated with _________.

silica

the diploid zygote of mosses develops into a mature ________.

sporophyte

green algae and plants store excess carbohydrates as _________ and have __________ as a major component of their cell walls.

starch, cellulose

the body of a liverwort is a flattened, lobbed structure called a ________.

thallus

when a gamete produced by an archegonium fuses with a gamete produced by a male gametophyte plant, the results is:

the first stage in the sporophyte generation, a diploid zygote, fertilization

which of the following is not a characteristic of plants? - unicellular gametangia - multicellular embryo - cuticle - stomata - alternation of generations

unicellular gametangia

the two vascular tissue present in vascular plants are the ______ and the ________.

xylem, phloem