chap 6: bones
osteoblasts lay down "mortar" building materials and secrete osteoid; osteoblasts evolve into osteocytes
formation
the central canal and the perforating canals form
haversian system
the term used to describe the production of blood cells
hematopoiesis
bone remodeling can also occur when people sustain _________________ due to bone stress
microfractures
osteoclasts are made from
monocytes (white blood cell)
large artery that enters compact bone near the middle of the diaphysis
nutrient artery
canals function for
nutrients, O2 transport, and waste removal
step two of intramembraneous ossification
osteoblast begin to secrete osteoid (uncalcified matrix of collagen and other proteins)
bone-building cells that secrete collagen fiber to add to ECM; prompts bones to calcify
osteoblasts
have the ability to sense micro-cracks
osteoblasts
what bone cell lays down new material?
osteoblasts
step three of intramembraneous ossification
osteoblasts evolve into osteocytes
cell that is responsible for tearing down bone and remodeling it
osteoclasts
what bone cell breaks down old mineralized bone?
osteoclasts
mature bone cells that maintain the structure of the bone
osteocytes
type of bone cells that are specialized stem cells
osteogenic
flow chart of bone cells
osteogenic --> osteoblasts --> osteocytes osteoclasts
only bone cells to undergo cell division
osteogenic cells
step 4 of intramembraneous ossification
osteoid cluster around capillaries to form spongy bone as newly made periosteum begin to lay down compact bone
compact bone is made from
osteons
lack of calcium
osteoporosis
osteoblasts are going to stimulate monocytes to fuse and form osteoclasts
activation
ARRFQ
activation, resorption, reversal, formation, quiescence
step 4 of endochondral ossification
after birth, same sequence of events, secondary ossification center forms until only thin line of cartilage remains (epiphyseal line)
another name for compact bone
cortical bone
middle shaft of bone
diaphysis
distal portion of long bone
distal epiphysis
uses cartilage (hyaline) as a template
endochondral ossification
adds length to bones (only seen in young people)
epiphyseal plate
bone that is thin and sometimes curved; found around delicate
flat bones
ribs, scapula, sternum, parts of skull are considered
flat bones
lattice work of trabecular & red bone marrow
spongy bone
made up of lattice work known as trabecule
spongy tissue
made of hyaline cartilage used for joint protection
articular cartilage
step 3 of endochondral ossification
blood vessels will bring in osteoclasts that will tear down newly made bone to form medullary cavity
occurs in the epiphyseal plate (cartilage)
bone growth (length)
process were old mineralized bone is broken down and new material is laid down
bone remodeling
the ribcage encasing the lungs and heart is an example of
bones serving as protection
what do bones storge
calcium, phosphates
filled with extracellular fluid
canaliculi
the filler substance within compact bone
interstitial lamellae
occurs in flat bones of the skull, clavicles, & flat bones in your face
intramembranous ossification
bones with no definite shape
irregular bones
pelvis, sacrum, and vertebrae are examples of
irregular bones
space that surrounds an osteocytes
lacuna
a femur, humerus, and tibia are examples of
long bone
bone that is longer than it is wide
long bone
what do osteoclasts contain?
lysosomes
where yellow bone marrow is stored
medullary cavity
makes up embryo (stem cells)
mesenchymal cells
step 2 of endochondral ossification
mesenchymal cells differentiate to form blood vessels and begin to make periosteum osteoblasts begin to deposit bone around diaphysis forming primary ossification center`
step one of intramembranous ossification
mesenchymal cells gather together to form specialized cells that will develop into capillaries and osteogenic cells osteogenic cells turn into osteoblasts forming an ossification center
step 1 of endochondral ossification
mesenchymal cells will differentiate into chondroblasts to begin to form cartilage
in between proximal/distal portion of long bones and diaphysis
metaphysis
used to add thickness to bone
periosteum
where are osteogenic cells found?
periosteum and endosteum
six purposes of bones
protection, support, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage
proximal top portion of long bone
proximal epiphysis
osteocytes settle in and rest until next cycle
quiescence
Blood cells are produced in the:
red bone marrow
osteoclasts use their lysosomal activity to carve out compact bone or spongy; osteoclasts use HCl to dissolve osteocytes; once job is done, osteclast apoptosis
resorption
osteogenic cells work on the resorption "pit" where they evolve into osteoblast
reversal
bones that arise out of tendons that protect them from wear and tear
sesamoid bones
patella and pisiform are examples of
sesamoid bones
bone growth is triggered by ______________ & ____________________
sex hormones, thyroid gland
bone that is as tall as they are wide
short bone
carpals and tarsals are example of
short bone
found inside bone and protected by compact bone
spongy bone
How do osteocytes communicate?
through gap junctions
another name for spongy bone
trabecular/canellous bone
few cells thick of dead chondrocytes and osteoblasts begin to lay down bone building material connect epiphysis to diaphysis
zone of calcified cartilage
older chondrocytes begin to enlarge and start to secrete lipid, glycogen, and alkaline phosphotase (all three help to calcify zone)`
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
stacks of chondrocytes making new ones by mitosis and continues to secrete extracellular matrix
zone of proliferating cartilage
chondrocytes attach epiphyseal plate to epiphysis
zone of resting cartilage