chap 6: bones

osteoblasts lay down "mortar" building materials and secrete osteoid; osteoblasts evolve into osteocytes

formation

the central canal and the perforating canals form

haversian system

the term used to describe the production of blood cells

hematopoiesis

bone remodeling can also occur when people sustain _________________ due to bone stress

microfractures

osteoclasts are made from

monocytes (white blood cell)

large artery that enters compact bone near the middle of the diaphysis

nutrient artery

canals function for

nutrients, O2 transport, and waste removal

step two of intramembraneous ossification

osteoblast begin to secrete osteoid (uncalcified matrix of collagen and other proteins)

bone-building cells that secrete collagen fiber to add to ECM; prompts bones to calcify

osteoblasts

have the ability to sense micro-cracks

osteoblasts

what bone cell lays down new material?

osteoblasts

step three of intramembraneous ossification

osteoblasts evolve into osteocytes

cell that is responsible for tearing down bone and remodeling it

osteoclasts

what bone cell breaks down old mineralized bone?

osteoclasts

mature bone cells that maintain the structure of the bone

osteocytes

type of bone cells that are specialized stem cells

osteogenic

flow chart of bone cells

osteogenic --> osteoblasts --> osteocytes osteoclasts

only bone cells to undergo cell division

osteogenic cells

step 4 of intramembraneous ossification

osteoid cluster around capillaries to form spongy bone as newly made periosteum begin to lay down compact bone

compact bone is made from

osteons

lack of calcium

osteoporosis

osteoblasts are going to stimulate monocytes to fuse and form osteoclasts

activation

ARRFQ

activation, resorption, reversal, formation, quiescence

step 4 of endochondral ossification

after birth, same sequence of events, secondary ossification center forms until only thin line of cartilage remains (epiphyseal line)

another name for compact bone

cortical bone

middle shaft of bone

diaphysis

distal portion of long bone

distal epiphysis

uses cartilage (hyaline) as a template

endochondral ossification

adds length to bones (only seen in young people)

epiphyseal plate

bone that is thin and sometimes curved; found around delicate

flat bones

ribs, scapula, sternum, parts of skull are considered

flat bones

lattice work of trabecular & red bone marrow

spongy bone

made up of lattice work known as trabecule

spongy tissue

made of hyaline cartilage used for joint protection

articular cartilage

step 3 of endochondral ossification

blood vessels will bring in osteoclasts that will tear down newly made bone to form medullary cavity

occurs in the epiphyseal plate (cartilage)

bone growth (length)

process were old mineralized bone is broken down and new material is laid down

bone remodeling

the ribcage encasing the lungs and heart is an example of

bones serving as protection

what do bones storge

calcium, phosphates

filled with extracellular fluid

canaliculi

the filler substance within compact bone

interstitial lamellae

occurs in flat bones of the skull, clavicles, & flat bones in your face

intramembranous ossification

bones with no definite shape

irregular bones

pelvis, sacrum, and vertebrae are examples of

irregular bones

space that surrounds an osteocytes

lacuna

a femur, humerus, and tibia are examples of

long bone

bone that is longer than it is wide

long bone

what do osteoclasts contain?

lysosomes

where yellow bone marrow is stored

medullary cavity

makes up embryo (stem cells)

mesenchymal cells

step 2 of endochondral ossification

mesenchymal cells differentiate to form blood vessels and begin to make periosteum osteoblasts begin to deposit bone around diaphysis forming primary ossification center`

step one of intramembranous ossification

mesenchymal cells gather together to form specialized cells that will develop into capillaries and osteogenic cells osteogenic cells turn into osteoblasts forming an ossification center

step 1 of endochondral ossification

mesenchymal cells will differentiate into chondroblasts to begin to form cartilage

in between proximal/distal portion of long bones and diaphysis

metaphysis

used to add thickness to bone

periosteum

where are osteogenic cells found?

periosteum and endosteum

six purposes of bones

protection, support, movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, triglyceride storage

proximal top portion of long bone

proximal epiphysis

osteocytes settle in and rest until next cycle

quiescence

Blood cells are produced in the:

red bone marrow

osteoclasts use their lysosomal activity to carve out compact bone or spongy; osteoclasts use HCl to dissolve osteocytes; once job is done, osteclast apoptosis

resorption

osteogenic cells work on the resorption "pit" where they evolve into osteoblast

reversal

bones that arise out of tendons that protect them from wear and tear

sesamoid bones

patella and pisiform are examples of

sesamoid bones

bone growth is triggered by ______________ & ____________________

sex hormones, thyroid gland

bone that is as tall as they are wide

short bone

carpals and tarsals are example of

short bone

found inside bone and protected by compact bone

spongy bone

How do osteocytes communicate?

through gap junctions

another name for spongy bone

trabecular/canellous bone

few cells thick of dead chondrocytes and osteoblasts begin to lay down bone building material connect epiphysis to diaphysis

zone of calcified cartilage

older chondrocytes begin to enlarge and start to secrete lipid, glycogen, and alkaline phosphotase (all three help to calcify zone)`

zone of hypertrophic cartilage

stacks of chondrocytes making new ones by mitosis and continues to secrete extracellular matrix

zone of proliferating cartilage

chondrocytes attach epiphyseal plate to epiphysis

zone of resting cartilage