Chap. 6 Socioemtional Development in early childhood
guilt
According to Erikson's developmental stages, which emotion lowers self-esteem in young children?
self-esteem
According to Erikson, as a young child's conscience governs initiative, feelings of guilt negatively impact
guilt and the desire to avoid feeling guilty.
According to Freud, the foundation of moral behavior is
overstated
According to research, Piaget's views on the egocentrism of infants are
ability to delay gratification
According to social cognitive theories, which of the following is linked closely to the development of self-control?
division of labor social hierarchy
According to social role theory, which of the following are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing?
imitation reinforcement punishment
According to the behavioral and social cognitive approaches, which of the following explain the development of moral behavior?
self-conscious
After developing self-awareness, children around the age of 18 months begin experiencing what type of emotions?
roles
A gender________, Correct Unavailable is a set of expectations that prescribes how people should think, act, and feel based on social and cultural norms about gender.
psychological traits.
At about 4 to 5 years, children begin to describe themselves and others using
1. manage their emotions to meet social standards 2. understand that the same event can elicit different feeling in different people 3. reflect on emotions
Between the ages of 4 and 5, children show increased ability to do which of the following?
2
By what age do most children know their sex (that is, the labeling of their biological or genetic makeup as female or male based on hormones, chromosomes, and internal and external genitalia)?
2 and 4 years.
Carla has recently experienced a considerable increase in her emotional vocabulary. She is most likely between the ages of
Which of the following are true about the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children?
Children are more socially sensitive and perceptive than previously envisioned. Talking about internal states can help young children understand them.
-They have difficulty differentiating between their desired and actual competence. -They rarely engage in social comparison. -They compare their present abilities with what they could do at an earlier age.
Children use unrealistic positive overestimations because of which of the following?
their own emotions.
Children's emotional development in early childhood allows them to begin to control
their own emotions
Children's emotional development in early childhood allows them to begin to control ______.
self-esteem
Children's representations of themselves make up their concept of
self-understanding.
Children's representations of themselves make up their concept of
considering its consequences.
Heteronomous moralists judge the righteousness or goodness of behavior by (p's first stage)
super ego
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the moral element of personality is the
recognition
In early childhood, self-understanding involves self
recognition
In early childhood, self-understanding involves self-.
emotion regulation
Katrina is a child who has good social skills. When she has a disagreement with her friend, she is able to talk calmly with her and not resort to yelling and crying. Developmentalists would say that Katrina has developed healthy
before
One important parenting strategy involves addressing misbehavior by children ______ it takes place.
Peers negotiate, coordinate, and reason about disagreements. Peers share a more mutual power status. Peer relationships involve more give-and-take.
Piaget concluded that peer relationships are more likely than parent-child relationships to advance moral reasoning for which of the following reasons?
4-5 years
Psychological traits and emotional terms are first incorporated into a young child's self-description around the age of ______ years.
regulation
Researchers consider the growth of emotion ______ in children a part of becoming socially competent.
perspective taking
The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is referred to as
true
True or false: Piaget concluded that parent-child relations are less likely than peer relations to advance moral reasoning in young children
Punish a child for emotional outbursts.
Unsupportive caregivers do which of the following when it comes to a child's emotion socialization?
It allows them to try to make sense of other people's emotional reactions. It allows them to begin to control their own emotions.
What are the advantages of emotional development in young children?
psychoanalytic theory social role theory social cognitive theory
What are the three proposed social theories of gender?
physical attributes material attributes physical activities
What characteristics do young children (age 3) often use in their self-descriptions?
self-conscious
What type of emotion includes embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?
repeat
When individuals are reinforced for behavior that is consistent with social laws and conventions, they are likely to ______ that behavior.
conversational dialogue relational quality proactive strategies
Which of the following are among the most important aspects of the parent-child relationship that contribute to children's moral development?
chromosomes evolution hormones
Which of the following are among the possible biological influences in gender development?
Have a positive emotional demeanor when interacting with children. Validate children's emotions. Discuss emotions with children
Which of the following are appropriate emotion socialization strategies for caregivers?
height & hair color
Which of the following are characteristics that children younger than 5 or 6 years old would use when describing the differences between themselves and a friend?
1. Talking about internal states can help young children understand them. 2. Children are more socially sensitive and perceptive than previously envisioned.
Which of the following are true about the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children? (Select all that apply.)
reactive stratigies
Which of the following aspects of the parent-child relationship does NOT contribute to a child's moral development?
Young children are more egocentric than Piaget thought.
Which of the following is NOT a recent research finding regarding children's social understanding?
social biological theory
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major social theories regarding gender differences?
Moody and emotionally negative children are more likely to experience peer rejection.
Which statement most accurately reflects the effects of emotions on peer relationships?
emotion-coaching parents
Which term refers to parents who monitor children's emotions, view negative emotions as teaching moments, assist in labeling emotions, and train their children in how to deal effectively with emotions?
emotion-dismissing parents
Which term refers to parents who view it as their role to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions in their children?
more socially sensitive and perceptive
Young children are ______ than previously believed.
optimistic
Young children are overly ______ in their self-descriptions.
immanent justice.
Young children believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will inevitably follow. This represents a belief in
gender
_____ refers to the characteristics related to femininity and masculinity based on social and cultural norms.
empathy
______ involves responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.
autonomous morality
______ morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.
moral development
development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others
understanding
is defined as the child's representation of self, or the substance and content of the
