Chapter 1-15 Midterm Exam Betzhold UF

A good conclusion should

-Let the audience know the speech is about to end -Reinforce audience understanding of central idea.

What are the different types of plagiarism?

-global -patchwork -incremental -paraphrase

What are some different kinds of informative speeches?

1. objects 2. process 3. events 4. concepts

What are the two major functions of a conclusion?

1. to let the audience know you are ending the speech 2. to reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea

Spacial Order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern ex: To inform my audience of the geographical regions of South Africa ex: rainforest layers

Chronological Order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern ex: To inform my audience about major stages in the development of the American film Industry

What is demographic audience analysis? How can it be misused?

Analysis that focuses on age,gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background Two steps: 1. identify the general demographic features of your audience 2. gauging the importance of those features to a particular speaking situation It can be misused by stereotyping

What steps can/should a speaker take to adapt his or her speech to the audience?

Analyze your audience *demographically and situationally* to adapt your speech to the audience

What does it mean to be audience-centered? Why is that important in public speaking?

Audience- centeredness is keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation -"Good" speakers make an effort to understand their audiences. -In the end, it is your job to make the audience want to pay attention to you and your message. -Everything you say is filtered through the listener's frame of reference. -Audiences are egocentric and pay attention most to messages that directly effect them. Probably.

What are some methods for selecting and refining a speech topic?

Chose a topic that... -you know a lot about -you want to know more about -relates to the audience -relates to the environment and situation

What are the different ways of organizing your speech?

Chronological Order Spacial Order Causal Order Problem Solution Order Topical Order

What makes a specific purpose statement effective?

Effective: relates the purpose directly to the audience, states what the speaker wants to say as well as what the speaker wants the audience to know as a result of the speech. tips: -write it as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment -express your purpose as a statement, not a question -avoid figurative language -limit statement to one distinct idea -make sure it is not to vague ex: ineffective: avalanches effective: To inform my audience about the three major kinds of avalanches.

What makes an ethical speaker?

Guidelines: -make sure your goals are ethically sound -be fully prepared for each speech -be honest in what you say -avoid name calling and other forms of abusive language -put ethical principles into practice

What are some kinds of useful visual aids? When is it appropriate to use visual aids?

Guidelines: 1. display them where listeners can see them 2. avoid passing them around the audience 3. display them only while discussing them 4. explain them clearly and concisely 5. talk to your audience, not your visual aid 6. practice with them before your speech 7. check the room and equipment examples: graphs, line graph, pie graph, bar graph, chart, etc.

Why is it important to have a strong introduction? Strong conclusion?

Intro: engage audience conclusion: enhance topic discussed

What percentage of the speech should the introduction take up? The conclusion?

Introductions: 10-20 percent of your speech Conclusions: 5 to 10 percent of your speech

Why is it important to have a well-organized speech?

Organization makes the audience believe that the speaker is *more competent and trustworthy*

positive nervousness

controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for his or her presentation

stereotyping

create an oversimplified image of a particular group by assuming that all members of the group are alike

academic database

database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals

spare "brain time"

difference between the rate at which most people talk and the rate at which the brain can process language

delivery cues

directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech

clutter

discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea

ice breaker speech

ex: our introduction speeches

What are the basic kinds of supporting materials?

examples, statistics and testimony

incremental plagiariam

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

bill of rights

first ten amendments of the USA constitution

Situational audience analysis focuses on what 3 things?

focuses on situational factors such as 1. the size of the audience, 2. the physical setting for the speech 3. the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker and the occasion

active listening

giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speakers point of view

Parts of a speech

introduction- opening to speech body- main section of speech conclusion- final section of speech

What is the primary purpose of public speaking?

is to gain a desired response from listeners.

Audience centeredness

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

critical listening

listening to evaluate a message for purpose of accepting or rejecting it

empathetic listening

listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

visualization

mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures oneself giving a successful speech

pause

momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

gestures

motions of speakers hands or arms during a speech

Statistics

numerical data

key word outline

outline that briefly notes a speakers main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form

vocalized pause

pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with "uhh", "err", and "umm"

Speaking outline

A brief outline used to jog a speakers memory during the presentation of a speech

How does the central idea differ from a speech's specific purpose?

A central idea states the major ideas of the speech and the specific purpose is one phrase that states what the speaker is hoping to accomplish with his/her speech (ex: to inform my audience...; to persuade my audience...)

What are the three main parts of a speech?

Main points Supporting materials Connectives

Why is it important that you use your evidence both effectively and responsibly?

relevant and emotionally

newspaper and periodical database

research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers

ethical decisions

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

Manuscript speech

speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience

Impromptu speech

speech with little or no immediate preparation

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as ones own

patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as your own

egocentrism

tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well being

peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

expert testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

direct quotation

testimony that is presented word for word

Pronunciation

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker id qualified to speak on a given topic

denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

volume

the loudness or softness of the speakers voice

Main points

the major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points.

supporting materials (what are the three major kinds)

the materials used to support a speakers ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are *examples, statistics and testimony*

connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

rhythm

the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

What is an informative speech?

Your aim is to enhance the knowledge and understanding of the listeners and to give them information they did not have before.

general purpose

a broad goal of a speech ex: To inform To persuade To demonstrate

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

Adrenaline

a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

preliminary bibliography

a list made early in the research process of works that look as of they might contain helpful information about the speech topic

bibliography

a list of sources used in preparation for a speech

catalogue

a listing of all the books, and other resources owned by a library

brainstorming

a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point or points

interferences

anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners

imagery

to use vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions or ideas

Different types of connectives (4)

transitions internal preview internal summary signpost

vocal variety

changes in a speakers rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

inflections

changes in the pitch or tone of a speakers voice

Nonverbal communication

communication based on a persons use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

What are nonverbal cues? How can they be useful when you are giving a speech?

voice/body-->not words

residual message

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects

critical thinking

focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence and the differences between fact and opinion

Appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment

comprehensive listening

listening to understand a speakers message

channel

means by which a message is communicated

Strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

open ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

fixed-alternative questions

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

scale questions

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point make sure they are from qualified and unbiased sources

quoting out context

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

Why is it important to write the body of your speech before your introduction, according to your textbook?

"it is easier to create an effective introduction after you first know exactly what you will say in the body."

What is the difference between hearing and listening?

*Hearing* is the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain. *Listening* is paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear

A good introduction should

-Get the audiences attention and interest -Make the audience aware of the topic of the speech -Establish credibility -Establish goodwill (especially important in persuasive) -Preview the body of the speechRelate to the audience

Why should you evaluate your sources? What criteria should you use to evaluate them, in particular online resources?

-Tell people enough about the source so that they trust it. -The book, Web document, ... that it came from -The author's name -The author's qualifications in regard to the topic -The date the source was published or updated.

What are some of the causes of poor listening?

-not concentrating -listening too hard -jumping to conclusions -focusing on delivery and personal appearance

How can we become better listeners?

-take listening seriously -be an active listener -resist distractions -don't be diverted by appearance or delivery -suspend judgement -focus your listening -develop note taking skills

What is a speech's central idea?

-the one sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of the speech. -The thesis statement. -Usually this comes after you have done research and decided on main points of the speech. Work on developing this after you have developed the body of your speech. ex: An effective abdominal crunch incorporates correct positioning and a controlled contraction.

What are the four objectives of an introduction?

1. get the attention and interest of your audience 2. reveal the topic of your speech 3. establish your credibility and goodwill 4. preview the body of the speech

Outside of the classroom, what factors generally decide a speech's purpose and/or topic?

1. occasion 2. audience 3. qualifications

What are some factors to consider when preparing visual aids?

1. prepare well in advance so you can practice with them 2. keep them simple 3. make sure they are large enough 4. use limited amount of text 5. use fonts effectively 6. use color effectively 7. use images strategically

What is plagiarism?

Presenting another person's language or ideas as ones own

How can you cite sources orally? What information should you include?

Tell people enough about the source so that they trust it by including the... -book/ web document that it came from -the authors name -authors qualifications -the date the source was published

How and when should you use examples?

Tips for when to use examples: -to clarify your ideas -to reinforce your ideas -to personalize your ideas To make examples vivid and richly textured: use details to bring the example to life Practice delivery: do this to enhance your extended examples

crescendo ending

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

dissolve ending

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

monotone

a constant pitch or tone of voice

Preparation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub-points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

attitude

a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution

Topical order

a method of speech organization in which main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics ex: To inform my audience about the major kinds of symbols used in Native American art.

Problem-Solution Order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem ex: to persuade my audience that the state legislature should enact tougher laws to curb the problem of predatory lending to college students

Causal Order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship ex: To inform my audience about the causes and effects of Lyme Disease

call number

a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves

visual framework

a pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationship among the speakers ideas

rhetorical question

a question the audience answers mentally rather than out loud

virtual library

a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data

specific purpose

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech ex: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to demonstrate the 3 steps needed to effectively complete an abdominal crunch on an exercise ball.

brief example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

example

a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences

Online speech

a speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online and in real time

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker s going to discuss next

preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body ex: First today, I will show you how to get into position, then I will demonstrate the proper execution of the contraction.

extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

abstract

a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author

cliche

a trite or overused expression

dialect

a variety of language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where the speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

Connectives

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them without them, a speech is disjointed and uncoordinated

transition

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving onto the next

reference work

a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers

hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

research interview

an interview conducted to gather information for a speech

sponsoring organization

an organization that, the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet

stage fright

anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

inclusive language

language that does not stereotype , demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

Conversational quality

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

goodwill

the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

ethnocentrism

the belief that ones own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

ethics

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

pitch

the highness or lowness of the speakers voice

paraphrase

the restate or summarize an authors ideas in ones own words

parallelism

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

rate

the speed at which a person speaks

Kinesics

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

frame of reference

the sum of a persons knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people have exactly the same frame of reference

generic "he"

the use of "he" to represent both women and men

situation

time and place in which the speech occurs