Chapter 1-15 Midterm Exam Betzhold UF
A good conclusion should
-Let the audience know the speech is about to end -Reinforce audience understanding of central idea.
What are the different types of plagiarism?
-global -patchwork -incremental -paraphrase
What are some different kinds of informative speeches?
1. objects 2. process 3. events 4. concepts
What are the two major functions of a conclusion?
1. to let the audience know you are ending the speech 2. to reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea
Spacial Order
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern ex: To inform my audience of the geographical regions of South Africa ex: rainforest layers
Chronological Order
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern ex: To inform my audience about major stages in the development of the American film Industry
What is demographic audience analysis? How can it be misused?
Analysis that focuses on age,gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background Two steps: 1. identify the general demographic features of your audience 2. gauging the importance of those features to a particular speaking situation It can be misused by stereotyping
What steps can/should a speaker take to adapt his or her speech to the audience?
Analyze your audience *demographically and situationally* to adapt your speech to the audience
What does it mean to be audience-centered? Why is that important in public speaking?
Audience- centeredness is keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation -"Good" speakers make an effort to understand their audiences. -In the end, it is your job to make the audience want to pay attention to you and your message. -Everything you say is filtered through the listener's frame of reference. -Audiences are egocentric and pay attention most to messages that directly effect them. Probably.
What are some methods for selecting and refining a speech topic?
Chose a topic that... -you know a lot about -you want to know more about -relates to the audience -relates to the environment and situation
What are the different ways of organizing your speech?
Chronological Order Spacial Order Causal Order Problem Solution Order Topical Order
What makes a specific purpose statement effective?
Effective: relates the purpose directly to the audience, states what the speaker wants to say as well as what the speaker wants the audience to know as a result of the speech. tips: -write it as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment -express your purpose as a statement, not a question -avoid figurative language -limit statement to one distinct idea -make sure it is not to vague ex: ineffective: avalanches effective: To inform my audience about the three major kinds of avalanches.
What makes an ethical speaker?
Guidelines: -make sure your goals are ethically sound -be fully prepared for each speech -be honest in what you say -avoid name calling and other forms of abusive language -put ethical principles into practice
What are some kinds of useful visual aids? When is it appropriate to use visual aids?
Guidelines: 1. display them where listeners can see them 2. avoid passing them around the audience 3. display them only while discussing them 4. explain them clearly and concisely 5. talk to your audience, not your visual aid 6. practice with them before your speech 7. check the room and equipment examples: graphs, line graph, pie graph, bar graph, chart, etc.
Why is it important to have a strong introduction? Strong conclusion?
Intro: engage audience conclusion: enhance topic discussed
What percentage of the speech should the introduction take up? The conclusion?
Introductions: 10-20 percent of your speech Conclusions: 5 to 10 percent of your speech
Why is it important to have a well-organized speech?
Organization makes the audience believe that the speaker is *more competent and trustworthy*
positive nervousness
controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for his or her presentation
stereotyping
create an oversimplified image of a particular group by assuming that all members of the group are alike
academic database
database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals
spare "brain time"
difference between the rate at which most people talk and the rate at which the brain can process language
delivery cues
directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech
clutter
discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea
ice breaker speech
ex: our introduction speeches
What are the basic kinds of supporting materials?
examples, statistics and testimony
incremental plagiariam
failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
bill of rights
first ten amendments of the USA constitution
Situational audience analysis focuses on what 3 things?
focuses on situational factors such as 1. the size of the audience, 2. the physical setting for the speech 3. the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker and the occasion
active listening
giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speakers point of view
Parts of a speech
introduction- opening to speech body- main section of speech conclusion- final section of speech
What is the primary purpose of public speaking?
is to gain a desired response from listeners.
Audience centeredness
keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
critical listening
listening to evaluate a message for purpose of accepting or rejecting it
empathetic listening
listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
visualization
mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures oneself giving a successful speech
pause
momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
gestures
motions of speakers hands or arms during a speech
Statistics
numerical data
key word outline
outline that briefly notes a speakers main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form
vocalized pause
pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with "uhh", "err", and "umm"
Speaking outline
A brief outline used to jog a speakers memory during the presentation of a speech
How does the central idea differ from a speech's specific purpose?
A central idea states the major ideas of the speech and the specific purpose is one phrase that states what the speaker is hoping to accomplish with his/her speech (ex: to inform my audience...; to persuade my audience...)
What are the three main parts of a speech?
Main points Supporting materials Connectives
Why is it important that you use your evidence both effectively and responsibly?
relevant and emotionally
newspaper and periodical database
research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers
ethical decisions
sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines
Manuscript speech
speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
Impromptu speech
speech with little or no immediate preparation
global plagiarism
stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as ones own
patchwork plagiarism
stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as your own
egocentrism
tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well being
peer testimony
testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic
expert testimony
testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields
direct quotation
testimony that is presented word for word
Pronunciation
the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker id qualified to speak on a given topic
denotative meaning
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
volume
the loudness or softness of the speakers voice
Main points
the major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points.
supporting materials (what are the three major kinds)
the materials used to support a speakers ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are *examples, statistics and testimony*
connotative meaning
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
rhythm
the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
articulation
the physical production of particular speech sounds
What is an informative speech?
Your aim is to enhance the knowledge and understanding of the listeners and to give them information they did not have before.
general purpose
a broad goal of a speech ex: To inform To persuade To demonstrate
extemporaneous speech
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
Adrenaline
a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
preliminary bibliography
a list made early in the research process of works that look as of they might contain helpful information about the speech topic
bibliography
a list of sources used in preparation for a speech
catalogue
a listing of all the books, and other resources owned by a library
brainstorming
a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas
internal summary
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point or points
interferences
anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners
imagery
to use vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions or ideas
Different types of connectives (4)
transitions internal preview internal summary signpost
vocal variety
changes in a speakers rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
inflections
changes in the pitch or tone of a speakers voice
Nonverbal communication
communication based on a persons use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
What are nonverbal cues? How can they be useful when you are giving a speech?
voice/body-->not words
residual message
what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech
abstract words
words that refer to ideas or concepts
concrete words
words that refer to tangible objects
critical thinking
focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence and the differences between fact and opinion
Appreciative listening
listening for pleasure or enjoyment
comprehensive listening
listening to understand a speakers message
channel
means by which a message is communicated
Strategic organization
putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
open ended questions
questions that allow respondents to answer however they want
fixed-alternative questions
questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives
scale questions
questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers
testimony
quotations or paraphrases used to support a point make sure they are from qualified and unbiased sources
quoting out context
quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it
Why is it important to write the body of your speech before your introduction, according to your textbook?
"it is easier to create an effective introduction after you first know exactly what you will say in the body."
What is the difference between hearing and listening?
*Hearing* is the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain. *Listening* is paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
A good introduction should
-Get the audiences attention and interest -Make the audience aware of the topic of the speech -Establish credibility -Establish goodwill (especially important in persuasive) -Preview the body of the speechRelate to the audience
Why should you evaluate your sources? What criteria should you use to evaluate them, in particular online resources?
-Tell people enough about the source so that they trust it. -The book, Web document, ... that it came from -The author's name -The author's qualifications in regard to the topic -The date the source was published or updated.
What are some of the causes of poor listening?
-not concentrating -listening too hard -jumping to conclusions -focusing on delivery and personal appearance
How can we become better listeners?
-take listening seriously -be an active listener -resist distractions -don't be diverted by appearance or delivery -suspend judgement -focus your listening -develop note taking skills
What is a speech's central idea?
-the one sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of the speech. -The thesis statement. -Usually this comes after you have done research and decided on main points of the speech. Work on developing this after you have developed the body of your speech. ex: An effective abdominal crunch incorporates correct positioning and a controlled contraction.
What are the four objectives of an introduction?
1. get the attention and interest of your audience 2. reveal the topic of your speech 3. establish your credibility and goodwill 4. preview the body of the speech
Outside of the classroom, what factors generally decide a speech's purpose and/or topic?
1. occasion 2. audience 3. qualifications
What are some factors to consider when preparing visual aids?
1. prepare well in advance so you can practice with them 2. keep them simple 3. make sure they are large enough 4. use limited amount of text 5. use fonts effectively 6. use color effectively 7. use images strategically
What is plagiarism?
Presenting another person's language or ideas as ones own
How can you cite sources orally? What information should you include?
Tell people enough about the source so that they trust it by including the... -book/ web document that it came from -the authors name -authors qualifications -the date the source was published
How and when should you use examples?
Tips for when to use examples: -to clarify your ideas -to reinforce your ideas -to personalize your ideas To make examples vivid and richly textured: use details to bring the example to life Practice delivery: do this to enhance your extended examples
crescendo ending
a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity
dissolve ending
a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
monotone
a constant pitch or tone of voice
Preparation outline
a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub-points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech
attitude
a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution
Topical order
a method of speech organization in which main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics ex: To inform my audience about the major kinds of symbols used in Native American art.
Problem-Solution Order
a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem ex: to persuade my audience that the state legislature should enact tougher laws to curb the problem of predatory lending to college students
Causal Order
a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship ex: To inform my audience about the causes and effects of Lyme Disease
call number
a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves
visual framework
a pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationship among the speakers ideas
rhetorical question
a question the audience answers mentally rather than out loud
virtual library
a search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data
specific purpose
a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech ex: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to demonstrate the 3 steps needed to effectively complete an abdominal crunch on an exercise ball.
brief example
a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point
example
a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences
Online speech
a speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online and in real time
internal preview
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker s going to discuss next
preview statement
a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body ex: First today, I will show you how to get into position, then I will demonstrate the proper execution of the contraction.
extended example
a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point
abstract
a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author
cliche
a trite or overused expression
dialect
a variety of language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary
signpost
a very brief statement that indicates where the speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
Connectives
a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them without them, a speech is disjointed and uncoordinated
transition
a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving onto the next
reference work
a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers
hypothetical example
an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation
research interview
an interview conducted to gather information for a speech
sponsoring organization
an organization that, the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet
stage fright
anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
inclusive language
language that does not stereotype , demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
Conversational quality
presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed
antithesis
the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
goodwill
the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind
ethnocentrism
the belief that ones own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures
ethics
the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs
pitch
the highness or lowness of the speakers voice
paraphrase
the restate or summarize an authors ideas in ones own words
parallelism
the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
rate
the speed at which a person speaks
Kinesics
the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
frame of reference
the sum of a persons knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people have exactly the same frame of reference
generic "he"
the use of "he" to represent both women and men
situation
time and place in which the speech occurs