Chapter 1-3

quaternary structure of proteins

2 or more polypeptide bonds combination of secondary and tertiary ex: collagen, hemoglobin

# of elements essential to life

25

Upon chemical analysis, a particular protein was found to contain 556 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein?

555

atomic number

# of protons

fats structure

1 glycerol with 3 fatty acids

phospholipids structure

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate

Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?

A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar

amino group

Basic functional unit of organic molecules

glycosidic bond

Bond linking two monosaccharides in glycogen

ester bond

Bond that links a fatty acid to a glycerol molecule

4 main elements of life

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen

If the pH of a solution is increased from pH 5 to pH 7, it means that the:

Concentration of OH- is 100 times greater than what it was at pH 5

central dogma of biology

DNA -> RNA -> proteins transcription^ ^translation

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?

Dehydration reactions assemble polymers and hydrolysis breaks down polymers.

Which of the following molecules contains the strongest polar covalent bond?

H2O water

Which of the following ionizes completely in solution and is considered to be a strong acid?

HCl

Water has a high specific heat because

Hydrogen bonds must be broken to raise its temperature

A covalent chemical bond is one in which

Outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms

Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydroxide ions [OH-]?

Seawater at pH 8

Which of the following levels of protein structure may be affected by hydrogen bonding?

Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

An example of a hydrogen bond is the bond between

The H of one water molecule and the O of another water molecule

peptide bond

The connecting CO-NH bond in an organic molecule

discovery science

The method of scientific inquiry that describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and the analysis of data

Polymers of polysaccharides and proteins are all synthesized from monomers by which process?

The removal of water by dehydration reactions

What are the chemical properties of atoms whose valence shells are filled with electrons?

They are stable and chemically unreactive or inert They exhibit similar chemical behaviors

A starch molecule is formed from monosaccharides. All of the following are true EXCEPT

This process could have happened in a muscle cell.

What is the primary reason for including a control group within the design of an experiment?

To ensure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one variable

Hydrogen bond

Weak bond formed between polar molecules

energy

ability to do work

Which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?

amino acid such as glycine

monomers of proteins

amino acids

amino functional group

amino acids look for nitrogen

Eubacteria

average bacteria

saturated fats

bad no double bonds lay flat

photosynthesis are respiration are balance/unbalanced

balanced

hydrolysis

bonds are broken by the addition of a water molecule

Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose?

both polymers of glucose

denaturing of proteins

breaking bonds caused by salt, pH, and temperature

isotopes are used for:

carbon dating, diagnostics, tracers

polysaccharides examples

cellulose, starch, glycogen, chitin

cohesion/ adhesion

cohesion- hydrogen bonds holding water together adhesion- the clinging of one substance to another

4 emergent properties of water

cohesion/adhesion, moderates temperature, universal solvent, unique density

secondary structure of proteins

coils and folds contain hydrogen bonds

proteins

control functions

What type(s) of bond(s) does carbon have a tendency to form?

covalent

when ionic bonds hit water they:

disassociate, or break a part

DNA

double stranded does its own duplication by directing RNA to proteins

location of RNA in cells

eukaryote- in the freefloating ribosomes prokaryote- in the freefloating ribosomes

location of DNA in cells

eukaryote- nucleus prokaryote- free floating

The high heat of vaporization of water accounts for

evaporative cooling

Arcae

extremophiles

primary structure of proteins

flat, simple lots of hydrogen bonds, few double bonds

cholesterol

found in cell membranes, prevents fatty acids from sticking together

hemoglobin

found in red blood cells grab oxygen change results in sickle cell disease

monosaccharides examples

glucose, fructose, galactose

unsaturated fats

good contain double bonds

The more basic the _______ the concentration of hydroxide ions

greater

Saturated fatty acids are so named because they are saturated with

hydrogen

water contains what kind of bonds

hydrogen

weak bonds

hydrogen bonds Van der Walls bonds

breaking hydrogen bonds results in ______ in temperature

increase

CO2 organic or inorganic?

inorganic

tertiary structure of proteins

interaction with R groups form ionic, hydrogen, and covalent bonds

What kind of bond does NH4+ form with Cl- to make ammonium chloride salt (NH4CL)?

ionic bond

universal solvent

it readily forms hydrogen bonds with charged and polar covalent molecules.

Example of solution with a low concentration of hyroxide ions:

lemon juice

water density

less dense in solid than in liquid form ice floats

The more acidic the _________ lesser the concentration of hydroxide ions

lesser

hydrocarbons

lipids, petroleum products broken by water because water is polar and lipids and petro are nonpolar

Carbohydrates sections

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

look for ________ in protein molecule

nitrogen

Prokaryote

no nucleus no membrane bound organelles Archae, Eubacteria

Eukaryote

nucleus membrane bound organelles

phosphate functional group

phosphorus atom with 4 oxygens think of ATP look for phosphate group

water polarity

polar covalent

nucleic acids

polymers DNA and RNA

proteins are:

polymers of amino acids

atomic mass

protons + electrons

isotope

same protons, same electrons, different neutrons

valance of carbon

tetravalent

high specific heat

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1°C

heat of vaporization

the quantity of heat that a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from liquid to gas

hydrogen bonds

these bonds are relatively weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge is attracted to an atoms with a partial negative charge already bonded to another molecule or in another part of the same molecule

ionic bonds

these bonds are strong in the absence of water but relatively weak in aqueous solutions

glycogen

used for energy in animals and is stored in the muscles and liver

starch

used for energy, only found in plants

cellulose

used for structure in plants

hydrophobic

water hating

dehydration reaction

water is taken away and results in a covalent bond between monomers

hydrophilic

water loving

polar covalent bonds

when one atom is more electronegative than another

what determines function of protein?

shape

RNA

single stranded

ionic bonds

steal electrons to fill valance shell

Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to this statement?

steroids

covalent bonds

strong, stable bonds formed when atoms share valence electron forming molecules

chitin

structure in arthropods, exoskeletons

proteins functions:

structure in muscles storage in albumin

disaccharides examples

sucrose, lactose, maltose