Chapter 1

Discuss the principles of critical thinking.

Be skeptical - keep an open mind. Accept nothing as the truth until you have examined evidence. Insist of evidence - it is not sufficient that an opinion is traditional, that it appears in print or on the Internet, or that it is expressed by a doctor or a lawyer. Examine definitions of terms. Some statements are true when they are defined in one way, but not when it is defined in another. Examine the assumptions or premises of arguments - consider the statement that one cannot learn about human beings by engaging in research with animals. One premise in the statement seems to be that human beings are not animals, however, we are. Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence - ask yourself if the experience is satisfactory evidence. Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence - there could be connections or correlations between two things, but they not might be the cause or issue. Do not oversimplify - A simple yes or no could oversimplify. It is more worth while to ask deeper questions. Do not overgeneralize - Do not assume that there are no answers related to something just because its an "animal" not a "human". you can gather information from both.

List the nine principles of critical thinking.

Be skeptical. Insist on evidence. examine definitions of terms. examine the assumptions of premises of arguments. be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence. Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence. Do not oversimplify. Do not overgeneralize. Apply critical thinking to all areas of life.

In the context of research methods, briefly discuss the correlational method.

Correlational research is a type of non-experimental research in which the researcher measures two variables and assesses the statistical relationship between them with little or no effort to control extraneous variables.

Structuralists tended to ask, "What are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?" In contrast,__________tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

Functionalists

The__________perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

Humanistic-existential

Which of the following statements is true of applied research?

It is designed to find solutions to particular problems.

__________is credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.

Wilhelm Wundt

Which of the following statements was proposed by the functionalists?

adapted learning behaviors are learned and maintained.

Sharon visited a small group of aborigines while she was in Australia. She interacted with them and understood their cultural heritage, race, and history. Which of the following terms would Sharon use to describe the group of aborigines?

an ethnic group

_____ is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable conduct.​

behaviorism

__________is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable conduct.

behaviorism

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution Brandon's beliefs are consistent with the _____ perspective.

biological

Psychologists with a(n) _____ perspective venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature.​

cognitive

_________ psychologists investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language.​

cognitive

_________ psychologists are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders.​

counseling

__________is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.

critical thinking

Gestalt psychologists believe that maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

false

Sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.

false

Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

false - functionalists

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is a(n) _____ psychologist.​

forensic

_________ psychologists may treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes.​

forensic

Structuralists tended to ask, "What are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?" In contrast, _________ tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"​

functionalists

Which of the following is an important factor emphasized by the sociocultural perspective in understanding behavior and mental processes?

gender

__________stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.

humanism

Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He works on the principle that people are free to choose their own ethical conduct and are also responsible for c_________ psychologists are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders.​hoosing their conduct. Erik can be said to be following the _____ perspective.​

humanistic-existential

Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He works on the principle that people are free to choose their own ethical conduct and are also responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik can be said to be following the__________perspective.

humanistic-existential

A__________is a statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.

hypothesis

A(n) _____ psychologist focuses on the relationship between people and their work.​

industrial

A(n)__________psychologist focuses on the relationship between people and their work.

industrial

The cognitive tradition has roots in Socrates' advice to "Know thyself" and in his suggested method of _____.​

introspection

With__________, psychologists and other scientists can observe behavior where it happens, or "in the field."

naturalistic observation

Which of the following terms refers to contemporary psychologists who follow theories derived from Freud?

neoanalsyt

While industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and work,__________psychologists study the behavior of people in workplaces such as businesses.

organizational

_________ psychologists are particularly concerned with issues such as anxiety, aggression, and gender roles.​

personality

Amelia works as general physician. One of her patients claimed to be suffering from constant stomach aches that would not go away. Upon diagnosis, Amelia could not determine anything wrong with the patient. Her previous records revealed no illness either. Therefore, Amelia gave her a strip of harmless sugar pills and asked her to take them twice a day after her meals. This treatment is known as a _____.​

placebo

A _____ is a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn.

population

Sean believes that many of our unconscious ideas and impulses stem from our childhood conflicts. Based on his beliefs, it can be said that Sean is a _____.​

psychoanalyst

Sean believes that many of our unconscious ideas and impulses stem from our childhood conflicts. Based on his beliefs, it can be said that Sean is a__________.

psychoanalyst

Sofia doesn't like eating vegetables. To ensure that Sofia eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as _____.​

reinforcement

Sofia doesn't like eating vegetables. To ensure that Sofia eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as__________.

reinforcement

Carl is conducting a study to determine the effects of new technology-assisted learning methods among students. As part of this study, he has selected a group of university students, male and female, in the age group of 18 to 24 years. These students have been using the new methods of learning. In terms of research methodology, this group best describes a _____.​

sample

Which of the following theorists suggest that people can modify and create their environments?

social - cognitive theorists

Wilhelm Wundt and his students founded the school of psychology called__________.

structuralism

Who among the following believed that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience?

structuralists

One of the advantages of__________is that by distributing questionnaires and analyzing answers with a computer, psychologists can study many thousands of people at a time.

surveys

Which of the following is true of biologically oriented psychologists?

they study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.

As opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined.

true

Debriefing is the process of explaining the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant.

true

Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior provides an example of reinforcement.

true