Chapter 1

Analog-to-digital converter

Sound waves are sampled many times per second by an ------

Gigabyte (GB)

1 billion bytes

Kilobyte (KB)

1000 bytes

Image resolution

The dimensions of the grid that forms a bitmap graphic are referred to as ---- High-resolution graphics contain more data than low-resolution graphics; more data makes it possible to display and print high-quality images that are sharper and clearer

Game engine

A ----- is graphics software that allows developers to create interactive videogames and educational modules

Digital-to-analog converter

A -----transforms the digital bits into analog sound waves

5 GL

The most "natural" programming language such PROLOG; no need to specify the algorithm object oriented and CASE (computer assisted system engineering) tools

Rendering

The process of covering the wireframe surface with color and texture

Progressive scan

Vertical resolutions are expressed with a "p" for -----, in which the frame is drawn line by line in sequence from top to bottom

Kilobyte (KB or Kbyte)

Is often used when referring to the size of small computer files. (104 KB)

Mainframes/Supercomputers

—— and ——- can handle transactions with tens of thousands of users, sharing terabytes of data, regardless of the workload mix

Gigabit (Gb or Gbit)

(100 Gbit) is used for really fast network speeds

Gigabyte (GB or GByte)

(16 GB) is commonly used to refer to storage capacity.

Megabyte (MB or MByte)

(3.2 MB) is typically used when referring to the size of files containing photos and videos.

Image stitching

(or photo stitching) creates a panoramic image by combining two or more separate photographs that have overlapping edges The photos are captured from a fixed location Stitching uses photos in standard bitmap formats, such as JPEG and PNG

Stereoscopic imaging

(or stereoscopy) is a graphical technique used to produce an illusion of spatial depth from flat, two-dimensional images uses digital images and viewers A ---- viewer, such as Google Cardboard, displays images generated by mobile devices

Audio files

---- can be acquired as a live stream or on-demand stream in addition to downloads

ASCII codes

----- are used for numerals, such as Social Security numbers and phone numbers

Extended ASCII

----- is a superset of ASCII that uses eight bits for each character For example, ----- represents the uppercase letter A as 01000001 Using eight bits instead of seven bits allows ----- to provide codes for 256 characters

Unicode

----uses sixteen bits and provides codes or 65,000 characters This is a bonus for representing the alphabets of multiple languages

Megabyte (MB)

1 million bytes

Terabyte (TB)

1 trillion bytes

Bit rate

1,194,393,600 bits are needed for one second of digital video A feature-length video requires an astounding 8,599,633,920,000 bits! More than one trillion bytes! A ---- is the number of bits that are processed during a specific unit of time, usually during one second ---- can be expressed as bits per second (b/sec or bps) and kilobits per second (Kbit/s or Kbps) Choosing a lower resolution when saving a video reduces the ----

Bit

A --- is a 0 or 1 used in the digital representation of data

Codec

A ---- (compressor/decompressor) is the software that compresses a video stream when a video is stored and decompresses the file when the video is played Each ---- uses a unique algorithm to shrink the size of a video file, so they are not interchangeable Popular ---- include: MPEG, VP8, DivX, H.264, Theora, and Windows Media Video

Download

A ---- copies a file from a private network or Internet server to a local device

Bitmap graphic

A ---- is composed of a grid of tiny rectangular cells You can create a ----from scratch using the tools provided by graphics software — specifically a category of graphics software referred to as paint software Examples of paint software are Adobe Photoshop, Apple Photos, and Microsoft Paint

Digital file

A -----, usually referred to simply as a file, is a named collection of data that exits on a storage medium, such as a hard disk, CD, DVD, or flash drive

3D-rendered image

A 3D vector image may have a three-dimensional appearance, but as a single image, it cannot convey visual depth A -----can be modified to create a second rendering slightly offset from the original A smartphone camera captures an image of the real world, and then a game character is rendered onto that image The composite image is output to the smartphone screen

Photosites

A CCD contains a grid of tiny light-sensitive diodes called -----correspond to pixels; the more pixels used to capture an image, the higher its resolution Cameras, scanners, and graphics software offer a choice of bitmap formats, such as BMP, RAW, TIFF, JPEG, GIF, and PNG

GUI

A Graphical User Interface, currently the dominant method for designing human-computer interaction

WEB

A database of where to find things on the internet

Byte

A group of eight bits is called a ---- and is usually abbreviated as an uppercase B Use ---- for file sizes and storage capacities

Database

A place to store all types of datas Almost all companies have a ----

The most popular digital audio formats are:

AAC, MP3, Ogg, Vorbis, WAV, FLAC, and WMA

Bits

All of the data stored and transmitted by digital devices is encoded as --- an abbreviation for binary digit, can be further abbreviated as a lowercase b Use --- for data rates, such as Internet connection speeds, and movie download speeds

Interlaced scan

An ---- is a contrasting scanning technique that produces an image by drawing every other line, then going back and filling in the in-between lines Digital video for computers typically uses progressive scanning; digital television uses -----

MIDI messages

Are instructions that specify the pitch of a note, the point at which the note begins, the volume of the note, etc.

Rectilinear projections

Are viewed in a two-dimensional plane, typically as a long horizontal photo. These images can be produced using the panoramic feature of a digital camera.

2 GL

Assembly language that uses a set of short, English like commands that speak directly to CPU

3 GL

C++, JAVA everything else, everything you've hear of (called high level languages), more sophisticated, can manually type the code

Kilobit (Kb or Kbit)

Can be used for slow data rates, such as a 56 Kbps (kilobits per second) dial-up connection.

CPU

Central Processing Unit; the brain of the computer

Noise reduction Image enhancement Selective color change Correcting image distortion Cloning Inpainting Digital compositing

Characteristics of bitmap that can be modified: ----- "noise" refers to spots, dust, and scratches left on old photos after they are scanned ----- improves brightness, color saturation, and focus ----- algorithms are used to colorize black and white photos ----- reconstructing perspective with photoediting ----- employs algorithms pulling pixels from one area and moving them to another ----- reconstructing lost or unwanted areas in a photo ----- assembling more than one image into one by using clipping paths and alpha bending

Image compression Interframe compression

Compression removes some of the data (bits) through the following techniques: Compressor/decompressor software ----- frames of a video are compressed using lossy and lossless compression ------ stores only the pixels that change color from one frame to the next

Vector Graphics

Consists of a set of instructions for creating a picture Are used for floor plans, engineering diagrams, and spreadsheet charts Include standard shapes such as circles and rectangles ---- vs. Bitmap Images Resize better than bitmaps Require less storage space Not as realistic as bitmap images Editing an object is easier than in bitmap Are created from scratch using drawing software such as: Adobe Illustrator LibreOffice Draw Open source Inkscape Various vector drawing apps 3D graphics are based on --- stored as a set of instructions describing the coordinates for lines and shapes in a three-dimensional space

Numeric data

Consists of numbers that can be used in arithmetic operations Digital devices represent numeric data using the binary number system, also called base 2

DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency)

Created robots, artificial intelligence, emerging technology for the military

4 GL

Database languages main=SQL (structured query language)

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange, pronounced "ASK ee")

Digital devices employ several types of codes to represent character data, including -----, Unicode, and their variants ------- requires seven bits for each character The ASCII code for an uppercase A is 1000001

Frame rate (fps)

Digital video displays bitmap images in rapid succession Each bitmap image is referred to as a frame The number of frames that are displayed per second is the ----

Transcoding

Digital videos can be converted from one format to another through a process called ----- Basic video editing tools are used to arrange video clips, add a soundtrack, insert captions, select special effects such as fades between clips, and choose output format

Pixel

Each cell is a picture element, commonly called a ---- Each --- is assigned a color, which is stored as a binary number

Real-time rendering

Fills in wireframe objects and generates a bitmap image as the action unfolds

Audio software

General-purpose software and apps used for recording, playing, and modifying audio files, such as iTunes, Windows Media Player, and Audacity

CCD (charge-coupled device)

In a digital camera, the lens focuses light from the image onto a small image sensor called a

Spherical projections

Include images from the 360-degree vertical view as well as the 360-degree horizontal panorama.

Digital video

Is a core technology for digital television, videoconferencing systems, and video messaging Uses bits to store color and brightness data for each video frame, a process similar to storing the data for a series of bitmap images in which the color of each pixel is represented by a binary number Footage from Super 8 home movies, VHS tapes, and other older sources can be digitized using video capture equipment You can shoot footage for digital video with: A consumer-quality camcorder A webcam A smartphone camera

Anaglyph

Is a graphic composed of two images, one that is tinted red and the other that is tinted blue Viewing ---- images requires red-green or red-blue glasses Usually, the red lens on the left filters out blue and green, while the blue- or green-colored lens on the right filters out red

Ripping

Is a slang term that refers to the process of importing tracks from a CD or DVD to your computer's hard disk

Run-length encoding (RLE)

Is a type of lossless compression that replaces a series of similarly colored pixels with a binary code that indicates the number of pixels and their colors

Vector animation

Is a type of motion graphic in which a series of vector images is displayed sequentially to convey the illusion of movement Each image is called a frame

UTF-8

Is a variable-length coding scheme that uses seven bits for common ASCII characters but uses sixteen-bit Unicode as necessary

Character data

Is composed of letters, symbols, and numerals that are not used in calculations Examples of ---- include your name, address, and hair color Is commonly referred to as "text"

Digital audio

Is music, speech, and other sounds represented in binary format for use in digital devices Most digital devices have a built-in microphone and audio software, so recording external sounds is easy To digitally record sound, samples of a sound wave are collected at periodic intervals and stored as numeric data in an audio file

Speech synthesis

Is the process by which machines produce sound that resembles spoken words

Digitization

Is the process of converting information, such as text, numbers, photo, or music, into digital data that can be manipulated by electronic devices The digital revolution has evolved through four phases, beginning with big, expensive, standalone computers, and progressing to today's digital world in which small, inexpensive digital devices are everywhere

Aspect ratio

Is the proportional relation between the width and height of an image or video frame -Ipads use 4:3 ---- -Widescreen devices, such as laptops and smartphones, use a 16:9 ---- When 4:3 videos are displayed on a widescreen player, they are bordered by the black bars of a letterbox

Megabit (Mb or Mbit)

Is used for faster data rates, such as a 50 Mbps (megabits per second) Internet connection

Digital cinematography

Is used in the motion picture industry; it captures moving images as bits, rather than on film

ASCII text

Plain, unformatted text is sometimes called ---- and is stored in a so-called text file with a name ending in .txt On Apple devices these files are labeled "Plain Text." In Windows, these files are labeled "Text Document" Files contain no formatting To create documents with styles and formats, formatting codes have to be embedded in the text

CGI (computer-generated imagery)

Pre-rendering is used to create special effect sequences for films, as well as full-length animated movies; these pre-rendered clips are referred to as

Cylindrical projections

Produce a 360-degree image similar to the view from a merry-go-round. Images are captured from the front, back, and sides, and then stitched together

Lossless compression

Provides a way to compress data and reconstitute it into its original state; uncompressed data stays exactly the same as the original data

Data compression

Refers to any technique that recodes the data in a file so that it contains fewer bits -----is commonly referred to as "zipping"

Image compression

Refers to any technique that recodes the data in an image file so that it contains fewer bits

Speech recognition

Refers to the ability of a machine to understand spoken words Speech recognition software analyzes the sounds of your voice and converts each word into groups of phonemes (basic sound units) The software then compares the groups to the words in a digital dictionary to find a match When a match is found, the software can display the word on the screen or use it to carry out a command

Data Representation

Refers to the form in which data is stored, processed, and transmitted

Sampling rate

Refers to the number of times per second that a sound is measured during the recording process Higher ----- increase the quality of the recording but require more storage space

Data

Refers to the symbols that represent people, events, things, and ideas. ---- can be a name, a number, the colors in a photograph, or the notes in a musical composition

Audio players

Small standalone software application or mobile app that offers tools for listening to digital audio and managing playlists, typically included with your computer's OS (operating system)

Compression utility or zip tool

Software for compressing data is sometimes referred to as a ----or a ---- On laptops and desktop computers, the compression utility is accessed from the same screen used to manage files

Audio plugins

Software that works in conjunction with your computer's browser to manage and play audio from a Web page

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)

Specifies a standard way to store music data for synthesizers, electronic MIDI instruments, and computers Music composition software with MIDI support makes it easy to place notes on a screen-based music staff then play back the composition on a MIDI keyboard or through the speakers of a digital device

Binary number system

The ----- only has two digits: 0 and 1 No numeral like 2 exists in the system, so the number "two" is represented in binary as 10 (pronounced "one zero")

Binary digits

The 0s and 1s used to represent digital data are referred to as ----— from this term we get the word bit that stands for binary digit

1 GL

The actual machine language consisting of the sequence of bits (0s and 1s)

Convergence

The blending of technologies

Moore's Law

The doubling of the computer speed every 12-18 months

Color depth

The number of colors available in a graphic is referred to as

Extracting or Unzipping

The process of reconstituting files is called ------ Compressed files may end with a .zip, .gz, .pkg, or.tar.gz

Pre-rendering

The process of rendering vector-based frames and packaging them into a digital movie file is called

Digital audio extraction

The technical term for ripping music tracks is ------

Ray tracing

The technique for adding light and shadows to a 3D image

Lossy compression

Throws away some of the original data during the compression process; uncompressed data is not exactly the same as the original ----techniques discard some data from an image to shrink its file size For many images, ----results in only a minor reduction in the sharpness of the images

RGB color model

Today's color display devices represent color using the ----- Color values can be specified in decimal (base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), or binary (base 2) With 8 bits used to represent each color value, one pixel requires 24 bits

Container formats

Video files are stored in ------that hold the compressed video stream and an audio stream AVI, MOV, MPEG, WebM, ASF, VOB, and Ogg Theora are popular video container formats

Boosts the economy

When technology changes and a bunch of people get fired it -----

Scanner

You can use a ---- to convert a printed image into a bitmap graphic A ---- divides an image into a fine grid of cells and assigns a digital value for the color of each cell As a scan progresses, the values are transferred to a digital device and stored as a bitmap graphics file

Internetworking

the linking of separate networks into an interconnected network, where each network retains its own identity

Cloud Computing

the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.