chapter 1

organization and adaptation.

According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world:

is not a catastrophe but a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.

As defined by Erik Erikson, a crisis:

begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that:

intimacy versus isolation

During early adulthood, Erik Erikson's developmental stage of _____ occurs.

eight; late adulthood.

Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to:

gradual change; distinct stages.

In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to _____, while discontinuity implies:

biological inheritance; environmental experiences.

In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _____, nurture to its _____.

preschool

Johnny is attempting to resolve the crisis of initiative vs. guilt. According to Erik Erikson, he is most likely in _____.

overemphasized sexual instincts.

Most contemporary psychoanalytic theorists believe that Sigmund Freud:

start at birth and continue through adulthood

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development:

formal operational

Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic; Piaget would argue that she is in the _____ stage of development.

exosystem

The _____ consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context

mesosystem

The _____ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts

qualitative change

The concept of discontinuity is characterized by:

integrity versus despair.

The final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental theory is:

helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives

The term "generativity" as described in Erikson's seventh stage of development primarily reflects a concern for:

psychosocial

The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as the _____ theory of development.

culture and social interaction

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guide(s) cognitive development.

Chronosystem

Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances?