Chapter 1

A researcher conducts a study on the effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) by comparing classes that use this method with classes that do not. The researchers expects the CAI classes to show higher gains in achievement. This expectation is

a hypothesis

When we say that research is empirical, we mean that the researcher

collects data on which to base descriptions

The only type of research that can manipulate treatments and establish a cause and effect is

experimental research

The generalizability of the results pertains to what kind of validity?

external

The extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study is the definition of what kind of validity?

internal

Special language that is regularly used in a particular field but which may not be meaningful to people outside the field is called

jargon

The termed coined by Kuhn to denote the scientific approach that is used widely in natural sciences is

normal science

In the example in Chapter 1 of the experiment that compared aerobic dance with jogging, what was the dependent variable?

skinfold-measured fat

Another term that describes the unscientific method of tenacity is

superstition

Compared to applied research, basic research

usually offers more control, such as in a laboratory