Chapter 1: an introduction to culture and psychology

In the context of Schwartz's value dimensions, _____ refers the degree to which cultures will emphasize the maintenance of the status quo, propriety, and restraint of actions or inclinations that might disrupt the solidarity of the group or the traditional order. a) embeddedness b) ambiguity c) personality d) power distance

A. Embeddedness

Which of the following statements is true of the ratchet effect? a) It refers to the idea that humans continually improve on improvements, that they do not go backward or revert to a previous state. b) It is a set of basic psychological skills and abilities that people can use to meet their needs. c) It is a psychological process that is found to be applicable for humans only after the beginning of civilization. d) It is the process of learning about and being indoctrinated into a culture.

A. It refers to the idea that humans continually improve on improvements, that they do not go backward or revert to a previous state.

_____ refers to the individual differences that exist among individuals within groups. a) Personality b) Temperament c) Culture d) Family

A. Personality

_____ refers to knowledge about motivations concerning behaviors that are common among people in a group. a) Shared intentionality b) Self-concept c) Hypercognition d) Collective identity

A. Shared Intentionality

Countries have their own unique sociocultural history, language, government, and economic base, all of which affectculture. a) True b) False

A. True

Human culture is a unique meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life. a) True b) False

A. True

Morality is a uniquely human product that apparently turns on in humans around nine months of age. a) True b) False

A. True

Schwartz's value dimension of _____ refers to the degree to which cultures emphasize the promotion and protection of people's independent pursuit of positive experiences. a) egalitarianism b) affective autonomy c) harmony d) intellectual autonomy

B. Affective Autonomy

_____ are beliefs about the underlying causes of behavior. a) Attitudes b) Attributions c) Etics d) Emics

B. Attributions

What are the three characteristics of human cultures that differentiate them from animal cultures? a) Social groups, family, and language b) Complexity, differentiation, and institutionalization c) Communication, groups, and institutionalization d) Language, groups, and social needs

B. Complexity, differentiation, and institutionalization

_____ is the social psychological frame within which individuals reside, much like the structure of our houses and homes. a) Society b) Culture c) Personality d) Race

B. Culture

Population density influences culture, whereas climate does not. a) True b) False

B. False

Some cultures serve their purpose better than others, and not all cultures have worked until now. a) True b)False

B. False

Unlike humans, nonhuman animals do not have social groups. a) True b) False

B. False

_____ refers to the behaviors or patterns of activities that a society or culture deems appropriate for men and women. a) Ethnicity b) Gender c) Religion d) Nationality

B. Gender

Schwartz's value dimension of _____ refers to the degree to which cultures emphasize the legitimacy of pyramidal allocation of fixed roles and resources such as social power, authority, humility, or wealth. a) mastery b) hierarchy c) intellectual autonomy d) affective autonomy

B. Hierarchy

Cross-cultural research helps us_____________________. a) demonstrate that there are no cultural differences in attributional styles among different human cultures b) understand principles about human behaviors within a global perspective c) establish that the relationship between culture and behaviors is a one-way street d) exhibit the reactions of infants to music

B. understand principles about human behaviors within a global perspective

Which of the following statements about race is true? a) Many psychologists today agree that race is more of a biological essential than a social construction. b) A racial group is solely determined by its cultural characteristics. c) Studies of genetic systems suggest that racially defined groups are more similar than different. d) Most anthropologists use skin color, hair, and other physical characteristics to define race.

C) Studies of genetic systems suggest that racially defined groups are more similar than different.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of animal culture? a) Many animals are social; that is, they work and live in groups. b) In animal societies, there are clear social networks and hierarchies. c) Animals have the cognitive ability to share their intentions with others. d) Many animals communicate with each other.

C. Animals have the cognitive ability to share their intentions with others.

Which of the following statements is true of animals? a) All animals are solitary and do not live in groups. b) In animal societies, there are no clear social networks and hierarchies. c) Many animals communicate with each other. d) Animals do not have the ability to invent and use tools.

C. Many animals communicate with each other

Hofstede's value dimension of _____ refers to the degree to which cultures will encourage less powerful members of groups to accept that power is distributed unequally. a) masculinity versus femininity b) individualism versus collectivism c) power distance d) power game

C. Power Distance

_____ refers to the biological differences between men and women. a) Personality b) Race c) Sex d) Culture

C. Sex

Hofstede's dimension of _____ has been used to both predict and explain many differences across cultures, especially in many aspects of thinking and emotions. a) power distance b) uncertainty avoidance c) masculinity vs. femininity d) individualism vs. collectivism

D. Individualism vs. collectivism

In the context of the relationship between culture and human behavior, which of the following statements is correct? a) Culture is a uniquely human product. b) Culture is a tangible concept and not an abstract one. c) Culture influences psychological processes, not behaviors. d) Newborns have no culture.

D. Newborns have no culture

Which of the following is NOT part of Hofstede's value dimensions? a) Individualism versus collectivism b) Masculinity versus femininity c) Power distance d) Personality

D. Personality

_____ are general beliefs and premises about oneself, the social and physical environment, and the spiritual world. a) Attributions b) Social norms c) Attitudes d) Social axioms

D. Social Axioms

_____ refers to the structure of relationships that exist among individuals. a) Culture b) Individualism c) Collectivism d) Society

D. Society

Which of the following statements regarding language is correct? a) Nonhuman animals have the ability to symbolize their physical and metaphysical world. b) Some nonhuman animals can create sounds representing symbols (morphemes). c) Some nonhuman animals can construct sentences. d) Syntax and grammar are unique to humans.

D. Syntax and grammar are unique to humans.

Hofstede's value dimension of _____ refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by the unknown or ambiguous situations, and have developed beliefs, institutions, or rituals to evade them. a) power distance b) masculinity versus femininity c) individualism d) uncertainty avoidance

D. Uncertainty Avoidance

In the context of culture, which of the following statements is true? a) Groups are less efficient because they divide labor. b) Morality, a uniquely human product, is present since the birth of a child. c) Both humans and animals have the ability to continually build upon improvements. d) Unlike humans, other animals cannot achieve a cumulative culture that ratchets up.

D. Unlike humans, other animals cannot achieve a cumulative culture that ratchets up

In the context of psychology, which of the following is true of cross-cultural research? a) It is topic-specific, and not a method. b) It concludes that humans are inherently alike and what is true of one culture is always true of another culture. c) Traditionally, it incorporated knowledge contrasting human cultures versus nonhuman animal cultures. d) It involves participants of differing cultural backgrounds and allows for comparisons of findings across those cultures.

D. it involves participants of differing cultural backgrounds and allow for comparisons of findings across those cultures

What distinguishes cultural psychology from mainstream psychology? a) The topic of study b) The interest in a narrow range of phenomena related to human behavior c) Topic-specific cross-cultural research methods d) The interest in understanding cultural influences on behavior

D. the interest in understanding cultural influences on behavior

Which of the following statements is true regarding cultural worldviews? a) Cultural worldviews contain attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and values about the world. b) Cultural worldviews are universal belief systems about the world. c) A person's cultural worldview always remains unchanged over his or her lifetime. d) Having a worldview is a psychological process specific only to certain cultures.

a) Cultural worldviews contain attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and values about the world.

_____ is a social axiom dimension that represents an outward-oriented, simplistic grappling with external forces that are construed to include fate and a supreme being. a) Dynamic externality b) Affective autonomy c) Societal cynicism d) Intellectual autonomy

a) Dynamic externality

Which of the following is true about worldviews? a) People have worldviews because of evolved, complex cognition. b) Having a worldview is a psychological process specific only to certain cultures. c) The content of worldviews is the same for every culture. d) Behaviors have a direct influence on cultural worldviews.

a) People have worldviews because of evolved, complex cognition.

In the context of society and culture, which of the following statements is true? a) Society is a system of interrelationships among people. b) Only humans are social and have societies. c) Both culture and society refer to the meanings and information that are associated with social networks. d) All human cultures assign similar or the same meanings to their social groups.

a) Society is a system of interrelationships among people.

One of the most important thinking abilities that humans have unlike other animals is the ability to _____. a) believe that other people are intentional agents b) maintain social networks and hierarchies c) communicate with each other d) invent and use tools

a) believe that other people are intentional agents

_____ are evaluations of things occurring in ongoing thoughts about those things, or stored in memory. a) Attitudes b) Worldviews c) Beliefs d) Norms

a. Attitudes

_____ are organized system of beliefs that tie together many attitudes, values, beliefs, worldviews, and norms and provide guidelines for living. a) Religions b) Ethnicities c) Norms d) Ethics

a. Religions

All humans share the same basic needs and abilities, and it's important to understand the reasons why people of different cultures do things the way they do them. a) True b) False

a. True

Different cultures foster different belief systems. a) True b) False

a. True

Scientists agree that many psychological processes—attitudes, values, beliefs, personality, cognition—are inherently constructed by culture. a) True b) False

a. True

There are cultural differences in attributional styles among different human cultures. a) True b) False

a. True

The process by which individuals learn and adopt the ways and manners of their specific culture is called _____. a) enculturation b) globalization c) grouping d) motivation

a. enculturation

. _____ refer to those processes that are different across cultures. a) Emics; Etics b) Etics; Emics c) Phonemes; Phonetics d) Phonetics; Phonemes

b) Etics; Emics

Which of the following statements is true of Shalom Schwartz's research? a) He reported data from 63 countries spanning over 100 different languages. b) His affective and intellectual autonomy and egalitarianism are positively correlated with Hofstede's individualism. c) He identified six universal values. d) His universal values include embeddedness, hierarchy, and uncertainty avoidance.

b) His affective and intellectual autonomy and egalitarianism are positively correlated with Hofstede's individualism.

In the context of culture and race, which of the following statements is true? a) Intelligence is determined by a person's race. b) Race is a social construction. c) People of different cultures have similar definitions of race. d) Race and culture are interchangeable terms.

b) Race is a social construction.

A universal psychological process is one that is considered to be true for some people of some cultures. a) True b) False

b. False

Which of the following statements is true regarding Hofstede's value dimensions? a) Hofstede suggests that there are four dimensions that differentiate cultures. b) Power distance refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations. c) Masculinity vs. femininity refers to the distribution of emotional roles between males and females. d)Intellectual autonomy refers to the degree to which cultures emphasize the promotion and protection of people's independent pursuit of positive experiences

c) Masculinity vs. femininity refers to the distribution of emotional roles between males and females.

Which of the following statements is true of human cultures? a) Culture is a uniquely human product. b) Humans are not unique in their ability to recognize that other people are intentional agents. c) There are no cultural differences in attributional styles among different human cultures. d) All human cultures exist in their own specific, unique environment.

d) All human cultures exist in their own specific, unique environment.