Chapter 1, Chapter 3, Chapter 2

_____, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They help cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.

Genes

_____ occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene.

Genetic imprinting

The Apgar Scale is especially good at determining

a newborn's ability to cope with the stress of delivery.

Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to

a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _____, nurture to its _____.

biological inheritance; environmental experiences

A teratogen is any agent that can cause

birth defects.

The _____ consists of an inner mass of cells that eventually develops into an embryo.

blastocyst

The process in which cells begin to specialize in order to perform various tasks is called

cell differentiation.

Recent advances in molecular genetics and DNA sequencing allow accurate and noninvasive testing for some genetic abnormalities, using

cell-free fetal DNA.

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guide(s) cognitive development.

culture and social interaction

The _____ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

epigenetic

Combining the genes of two parents in offspring increases _____ in the population, which is valuable for a species because it provides more characteristics for natural selection to operate on.

genetic variability

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his or her

microsystem.

A mistake by the cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation, may produce a _____, which is a permanently altered segment of DNA.

mutated gene

The generation of new neurons that begins to take place in the fifth prenatal week and occurs throughout pregnancy is called

neurogenesis.

In the context of approaches to gene identification and discovery, _____ refers to the vast increase in genetic data generated at a much reduced cost and in a much shorter period than in the past.

next-generation sequencing

While birth fathers are often less likely to be included in open adoption, a recent study indicates that they would like to be part of the

open adoption triad.

According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world:

organization and adaptation.

The process of organ development during the first two months of prenatal development is known as

organogenesis.

Recently a high level of _____ has been linked to male infertility.

oxidative stress

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development

start at birth and continue through adulthood.

Which of the following was invented in the 1950s and contributed to changing human life permanently?

television

Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior, the environment, and

the person/cognition.

During pregnancy, which of the following organs or systems is the first to develop?

the spinal cord

The inner layer of cells of the embryo is referred to as the

endoderm.

In human beings, by the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has _____ chromosomes.

23 unpaired

Neural connectivity begins at around the

23rd prenatal week.

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is typically performed within _____ after birth.

24 to 36 hours

Autonomy v Shame and Doubt

1-3

Generativity v Stagnation

10-20

Implantation, the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall, takes place about _____ days after concepti

11 to 15

Identity v Identity Confusion

20-39

A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes divides by mitosis to form two new cells. How many pairs of chromosomes does each new cell contain?

23

Initiative v Guilt

3-5

Intimacy v Isolation

40-59

Industry v Inferiority

6-puberty

Integrity v Despair

60+

_____ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics.

A phenotype

_____ is a social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated at birth.

Adoption

_____ is the shortest of the three birth stages.

Afterbirth

Pleasure focuses on the anus.

Anal Stage

In assessing the health of newborns, the _____ identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation.

Apgar Scale

_____ is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.

Behavior genetics

The _____ is designed to gauge normal, healthy, full-term infants and is used as a measure in many studies of infant development

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

A pediatrician is testing baby Rosaria. The doctor assesses Rosaria's neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects. Rosaria's pediatrician is using the

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale.

_____ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.

Culture

_____ introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859.

Charles Darwin

_____ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.

Cognitive

_____ occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube, in a process called fertilization.

Conception

_____ is a complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and contains genetic information.

DNA

"Individuals are changing beings in a changing world." Which characteristic of development is reflected in this statement?

Development is contextual.

_____ correlations occur because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.

Evocative genotype-environment

_____ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.

Fertilization

Trust v Mistrust

First year

_____ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.

Gene × environment (G × E) interaction

Sexual reawakening.

Genital Stage

_____ refers to the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

Implantation

When imprinting goes awry, development is disturbed, as in the case of

Prader-Willi syndrome

Which of the following is true of life expectancy in the United States?

It increased by 32 years in the twentieth century.

Period of repressed sexual interest while developing social and intellectual skills.

Latency Stage

_____ uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body's organs and structures.

MRI

Pleasure centers around the mouth

Oral Stage

Pleasure focuses on the genitals

Phallic Stage

_____ means the capacity for change.

Plasticity

_____ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes

Proteins

_____ act on the nervous system in such a way as to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

Psychoactive drugs

_____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.

Psychoanalytic

_____ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.

Psychological

_____ processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.

Socioemotional

What does the result of a recent Norwegian study about preterm infants indicate?

The earlier preterm infants are born, the more likely they will drop out of school

Based on results of a study that analyzed the exposure to six stressors among poor children and middle-income children in the United States, which of the following is a difference between children in poor families and children in middle-income families?

Unlike children in middle-income families, children in poor families are much more likely to be exposed to violence.

Identify the age group of women who are LEAST likely to obtain prenatal care

adolescence

The _____ provides an environment that is temperature and humidity controlled as well as shockproof.

amniotic fluid

Infants born to women using synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and opiate-related pain relievers during pregnancy are

at increased risk for experiencing opioid withdrawal.

Human embryos must possess _____ to be viable.

at least one X chromosome

Newborns born to mothers who used marijuana during pregnancy were more likely to

be born preterm or low birth weight.

Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that

begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

Recent research indicates that the process of methylation may be involved in which of the following?

colorectal cancer

Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize

continuity in development.

In Lorenz's view, imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place. This period of time is called the

critical period.

In twin studies, it is most common to

determine the behavioral similarity of identical twins compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins.

The connection across biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes is most obvious in the two rapidly emerging fields of

developmental cognitive neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience.

According to evolutionary developmental psychologists, many evolved psychological mechanisms are _____. That is, the mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup.

domain-specific

The embryo's _____ develops into the digestive and respiratory systems.

endoderm

The outermost layer of the embryo is called the

ectoderm, which produces the nervous system.

Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form

eggsand sperm.

Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to _____.

eight; late adulthood

The _____ consists of three layers of cells: the endoderm, the mesoderm, and the ectoderm.

embryo

In the period of prenatal development that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception, the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall. During this period, the mass of cells is referred to as a(n)

embryo.

Cell differentiation intensifies and organs appear in the _____ period of prenatal development.

embryonic

The attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall begins the _____ period of prenatal development.

embryonic

The second stage of childbirth begins with the _____ and ends with the _____.

emergence of the child's head; delivery of the child

A characteristic feature of information-processing psychologists is that they are most likely to

emphasize that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.

In the context of evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura (1998) acknowledged that

evolutionary pressures created changes in biological structures.

The food-scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods, a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful. This illustrates how

evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society

The _____ stage is the longest stage of the birth process.

first

The germinal period of development takes place in the _____ after conception.

first two weeks

Individuals guide and motivate themselves by creating action plans, formulating goals, and visualizing positive outcomes of their actions—that is, they are engaging in

forethought.

During delivery, which of the following diseases is transmitted to a newborn through the birth canal?

genital herpes

An egg is fertilized in the _____ period of prenatal development.

germinal

In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to _____, while discontinuity implies _____.\\

gradual change; distinct stages

According to an increasing number of studies in the United States, compared with younger people, older people

have better relationships with people they care about.e

In a recent U.S. study, newborns that were born in water were more likely to

have lower rates of fetal heart rate abnormalities.

The blastocyst differs from the trophoblast in that the blastocyst

is composed of an inner layer of cells that will finally develop into the embryo.

Late adulthood is a time of

life review, adjustment to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health.

The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is

lifelong.

In the context of approaches to gene identification and discovery, _____, in which the goal is to discover the location of a gene (or genes) in relation to a marker gene (whose position is already known), is often used to search for disease-related genes.

linkage analysis

Most individuals who have X-linked diseases are males, because

males have only one copy of the X chromosome.

The _____ is a layer of the embryo that primarily produces parts that surround the internal areas.

mesoderm

Scientists have found that certain genes are turned on or off as a result of exercise, mainly through a process called _____, in which tiny molecules attached themselves to the outside of a gene.

methylation

Amniocentesis brings a small risk of

miscarriage.

A cell that contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs undergoes the process of _____ to produce two new cells, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.

mitosis

During the process of _____, a cell's nucleus—including the chromosomes—duplicates itself and the cell divides, resulting in the formation of two cells.

mitosis

As people enter adolescence, they start focusing more time on romantic relationships and spend less time with friends as a result. This illustrates how development is

multidirectional.

Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink—in other words, how development is

multidirectional.

Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span. This indicates how development is

multidisciplinary

The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years because of immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of

normative historical change.

Influences that generally affect a generation (for example, the effect of the Vietnam War on the baby boomers) are considered _____ influences.

normative history-graded

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize _____, an amino acid.

phenylalanine

Phenotypes include _____ and _____ characteristics.

physical; psychological

When the _____ is delivered, estrogen and progesterone levels drop steeply and remain low until the ovaries start producing hormones again.

placenta

The _____ period is the time from conception to birth.

prenatal

A recessive gene exerts its influence only if both genes of a pair are

recessive.

B. F. Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important things that shape development are

rewards and punishments.

Human infants go through an attachment period. John Bowlby calls this a ______ period, meaning that for optimal development attachment should occur during this period.

sensitive

The _____ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especially during infancy; little or no change in adulthood; and decline in old age.

traditional

The _____ is the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo.

trophoblast

According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live sets in during the _____ stage.

trust versus mistrust

During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a

zygote.

Which of the following correlations is the strongest?

−.77