Chapter 1, Chapter 3, Chapter 2
_____, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They help cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.
Genes
_____ occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene.
Genetic imprinting
The Apgar Scale is especially good at determining
a newborn's ability to cope with the stress of delivery.
Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to
a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _____, nurture to its _____.
biological inheritance; environmental experiences
A teratogen is any agent that can cause
birth defects.
The _____ consists of an inner mass of cells that eventually develops into an embryo.
blastocyst
The process in which cells begin to specialize in order to perform various tasks is called
cell differentiation.
Recent advances in molecular genetics and DNA sequencing allow accurate and noninvasive testing for some genetic abnormalities, using
cell-free fetal DNA.
Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guide(s) cognitive development.
culture and social interaction
The _____ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.
epigenetic
Combining the genes of two parents in offspring increases _____ in the population, which is valuable for a species because it provides more characteristics for natural selection to operate on.
genetic variability
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his or her
microsystem.
A mistake by the cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation, may produce a _____, which is a permanently altered segment of DNA.
mutated gene
The generation of new neurons that begins to take place in the fifth prenatal week and occurs throughout pregnancy is called
neurogenesis.
In the context of approaches to gene identification and discovery, _____ refers to the vast increase in genetic data generated at a much reduced cost and in a much shorter period than in the past.
next-generation sequencing
While birth fathers are often less likely to be included in open adoption, a recent study indicates that they would like to be part of the
open adoption triad.
According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world:
organization and adaptation.
The process of organ development during the first two months of prenatal development is known as
organogenesis.
Recently a high level of _____ has been linked to male infertility.
oxidative stress
Piaget's four stages of cognitive development
start at birth and continue through adulthood.
Which of the following was invented in the 1950s and contributed to changing human life permanently?
television
Bandura's most recent model of learning and development includes three elements: behavior, the environment, and
the person/cognition.
During pregnancy, which of the following organs or systems is the first to develop?
the spinal cord
The inner layer of cells of the embryo is referred to as the
endoderm.
In human beings, by the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has _____ chromosomes.
23 unpaired
Neural connectivity begins at around the
23rd prenatal week.
The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is typically performed within _____ after birth.
24 to 36 hours
Autonomy v Shame and Doubt
1-3
Generativity v Stagnation
10-20
Implantation, the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall, takes place about _____ days after concepti
11 to 15
Identity v Identity Confusion
20-39
A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes divides by mitosis to form two new cells. How many pairs of chromosomes does each new cell contain?
23
Initiative v Guilt
3-5
Intimacy v Isolation
40-59
Industry v Inferiority
6-puberty
Integrity v Despair
60+
_____ is the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics.
A phenotype
_____ is a social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated at birth.
Adoption
_____ is the shortest of the three birth stages.
Afterbirth
Pleasure focuses on the anus.
Anal Stage
In assessing the health of newborns, the _____ identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation.
Apgar Scale
_____ is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.
Behavior genetics
The _____ is designed to gauge normal, healthy, full-term infants and is used as a measure in many studies of infant development
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
A pediatrician is testing baby Rosaria. The doctor assesses Rosaria's neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects. Rosaria's pediatrician is using the
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale.
_____ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
Culture
_____ introduced the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859.
Charles Darwin
_____ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.
Cognitive
_____ occurs when a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube, in a process called fertilization.
Conception
_____ is a complex molecule with a double helix shape, like a spiral staircase, and contains genetic information.
DNA
"Individuals are changing beings in a changing world." Which characteristic of development is reflected in this statement?
Development is contextual.
_____ correlations occur because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
Evocative genotype-environment
_____ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.
Fertilization
Trust v Mistrust
First year
_____ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.
Gene × environment (G × E) interaction
Sexual reawakening.
Genital Stage
_____ refers to the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.
Implantation
When imprinting goes awry, development is disturbed, as in the case of
Prader-Willi syndrome
Which of the following is true of life expectancy in the United States?
It increased by 32 years in the twentieth century.
Period of repressed sexual interest while developing social and intellectual skills.
Latency Stage
_____ uses a powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body's organs and structures.
MRI
Pleasure centers around the mouth
Oral Stage
Pleasure focuses on the genitals
Phallic Stage
_____ means the capacity for change.
Plasticity
_____ are the building blocks of cells as well as the regulators that direct the body's processes
Proteins
_____ act on the nervous system in such a way as to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.
Psychoactive drugs
_____ theories describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion.
Psychoanalytic
_____ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.
Psychological
_____ processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.
Socioemotional
What does the result of a recent Norwegian study about preterm infants indicate?
The earlier preterm infants are born, the more likely they will drop out of school
Based on results of a study that analyzed the exposure to six stressors among poor children and middle-income children in the United States, which of the following is a difference between children in poor families and children in middle-income families?
Unlike children in middle-income families, children in poor families are much more likely to be exposed to violence.
Identify the age group of women who are LEAST likely to obtain prenatal care
adolescence
The _____ provides an environment that is temperature and humidity controlled as well as shockproof.
amniotic fluid
Infants born to women using synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and opiate-related pain relievers during pregnancy are
at increased risk for experiencing opioid withdrawal.
Human embryos must possess _____ to be viable.
at least one X chromosome
Newborns born to mothers who used marijuana during pregnancy were more likely to
be born preterm or low birth weight.
Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that
begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
Recent research indicates that the process of methylation may be involved in which of the following?
colorectal cancer
Behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize
continuity in development.
In Lorenz's view, imprinting needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place. This period of time is called the
critical period.
In twin studies, it is most common to
determine the behavioral similarity of identical twins compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins.
The connection across biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes is most obvious in the two rapidly emerging fields of
developmental cognitive neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience.
According to evolutionary developmental psychologists, many evolved psychological mechanisms are _____. That is, the mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup.
domain-specific
The embryo's _____ develops into the digestive and respiratory systems.
endoderm
The outermost layer of the embryo is called the
ectoderm, which produces the nervous system.
Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form
eggsand sperm.
Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to _____.
eight; late adulthood
The _____ consists of three layers of cells: the endoderm, the mesoderm, and the ectoderm.
embryo
In the period of prenatal development that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception, the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall. During this period, the mass of cells is referred to as a(n)
embryo.
Cell differentiation intensifies and organs appear in the _____ period of prenatal development.
embryonic
The attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall begins the _____ period of prenatal development.
embryonic
The second stage of childbirth begins with the _____ and ends with the _____.
emergence of the child's head; delivery of the child
A characteristic feature of information-processing psychologists is that they are most likely to
emphasize that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.
In the context of evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura (1998) acknowledged that
evolutionary pressures created changes in biological structures.
The food-scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods, a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful. This illustrates how
evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society
The _____ stage is the longest stage of the birth process.
first
The germinal period of development takes place in the _____ after conception.
first two weeks
Individuals guide and motivate themselves by creating action plans, formulating goals, and visualizing positive outcomes of their actions—that is, they are engaging in
forethought.
During delivery, which of the following diseases is transmitted to a newborn through the birth canal?
genital herpes
An egg is fertilized in the _____ period of prenatal development.
germinal
In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to _____, while discontinuity implies _____.\\
gradual change; distinct stages
According to an increasing number of studies in the United States, compared with younger people, older people
have better relationships with people they care about.e
In a recent U.S. study, newborns that were born in water were more likely to
have lower rates of fetal heart rate abnormalities.
The blastocyst differs from the trophoblast in that the blastocyst
is composed of an inner layer of cells that will finally develop into the embryo.
Late adulthood is a time of
life review, adjustment to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health.
The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is
lifelong.
In the context of approaches to gene identification and discovery, _____, in which the goal is to discover the location of a gene (or genes) in relation to a marker gene (whose position is already known), is often used to search for disease-related genes.
linkage analysis
Most individuals who have X-linked diseases are males, because
males have only one copy of the X chromosome.
The _____ is a layer of the embryo that primarily produces parts that surround the internal areas.
mesoderm
Scientists have found that certain genes are turned on or off as a result of exercise, mainly through a process called _____, in which tiny molecules attached themselves to the outside of a gene.
methylation
Amniocentesis brings a small risk of
miscarriage.
A cell that contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs undergoes the process of _____ to produce two new cells, each containing the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.
mitosis
During the process of _____, a cell's nucleus—including the chromosomes—duplicates itself and the cell divides, resulting in the formation of two cells.
mitosis
As people enter adolescence, they start focusing more time on romantic relationships and spend less time with friends as a result. This illustrates how development is
multidirectional.
Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink—in other words, how development is
multidirectional.
Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span. This indicates how development is
multidisciplinary
The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years because of immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of
normative historical change.
Influences that generally affect a generation (for example, the effect of the Vietnam War on the baby boomers) are considered _____ influences.
normative history-graded
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize _____, an amino acid.
phenylalanine
Phenotypes include _____ and _____ characteristics.
physical; psychological
When the _____ is delivered, estrogen and progesterone levels drop steeply and remain low until the ovaries start producing hormones again.
placenta
The _____ period is the time from conception to birth.
prenatal
A recessive gene exerts its influence only if both genes of a pair are
recessive.
B. F. Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important things that shape development are
rewards and punishments.
Human infants go through an attachment period. John Bowlby calls this a ______ period, meaning that for optimal development attachment should occur during this period.
sensitive
The _____ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especially during infancy; little or no change in adulthood; and decline in old age.
traditional
The _____ is the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo.
trophoblast
According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live sets in during the _____ stage.
trust versus mistrust
During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a
zygote.
Which of the following correlations is the strongest?
−.77
