Chapter 1

Fields of Anatomy

-Microscopic anatomy -Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy

Three major planes:

-coronal -transverse -midsagittal

Two main divisions of Microscopic anatomy

-cytology -histology

Physiologists

examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances and abnormal circumstances.

Anatomists

examine the relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of individual organs.

regional anatomy

examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body

Pathologic anatomy

examines anatomic changes resulting from disease. considers anatomic and microscopic changes

Physiology

examines how the body functions.

comparative anatomy

examines similarities and differences in anatomy of different species

Urinary system

filters blood and removes waste products, expels urine

surface anatomy

focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures

proximal and distal

(nearer to the trunk) and (farther from the trunk)

dorsal and ventral proximal (nearer to the trunk) and distal (farther from the trunk)

(toward the back) and(toward the belly)

Properties common to all organisms

-All exhibit complex organization and order -All engage in metabolism, the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body *composed of anabolism and catabolism* -All grow and develop -All exhibit responsiveness -All exhibit regulation -All reproduce

Human body partitioned into two main regions

-Axial region -Appendicular region

Cellular level

-Consists of cells -Formed from atoms and molecules from the chemical level

Posterior aspect

-Contains cavities completely encased in bone -Physically and developmentally distinct from the ventral cavity -Subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity

Sagittal plane

-Divides a structure into left and right structures at any number of sites -Parallel to midsagittal plane

Form (anatomy) and function (physiology) are interrelated.

-E.g., the small sacs in the lungs called alveoli have a structure (large surface area) that matches their function (gas exchange) -Integrating the disciplines is the easiest way to learn about both -Both disciplines must use information from the other field

Organismal level

-Highest level of structural organization -All body functions working interdependently in an organism, the living being

Transverse plane

-Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) -Also called a cross-sectional plane

In humans, 11 organ systems

-Integumentary system -Skeletal system -Muscular system -Nervous system -Endocrine system -Cardiovascular system -Lymphatic system -Respiratory system -Urinary system -Female reproductive system *or* -Male reproductive system -Digestive system

Chemical level

-Involves atoms and molecules atoms, smallest units of matter molecules, one or more combined atoms e.g., sugar, vitamins -Macromolecules -Organelles

Ventral cavity

-Larger, anteriorly placed -Does not completely encase organs in bone -Partitioned into a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity -Lined with serous membranes, continuous layer of cells

Two-layered serous membrane associated with the lungs

-Parietal pleura. -Visceral pleura

Specialized branches of anatomy

-Pathologic anatomy -Radiographic anatomy

Subdisciplines of physiology

-Reproductive physiology -Pathophysiology

anatomic position

-Upright stance -Feet parallel and flat on the floor -Upper limbs at the sides of the body -Palms face anteriorly (toward the front) -Head is level -Eyes look forward

Coronal plane

-Vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) -Also called a frontal plane

Four types of tissues

-epithelial tissue covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities -connective tissue protects, supports, and binds structures and organs -muscle tissue produces movement -nervous tissue conducts nerve impulses

Serous membranes composed of two layers:

-parietal layer -visceral layer

Approaches to Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy

-systemic anatomy -regional anatomy -surface anatomy -comparative anatomy -embryology

What type of plane would separate the nose and mouth into superior and inferior structures?

A transverse plane

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy studies structure and form; physiology studies the function of body parts. Their study is intertwined.

What subdiscipline of anatomy may explore how the lower limb differs between humans and chimpanzees?

Comparative anatomy

Organ level

Consists of organs, two or more tissue types performing specific functions

Tissue level

Consists of tissues, groups of similar cells performing common functions.

Organ system level

Contains related organs that work together to achieve a common function e.g., organs of the digestive system working together to digest food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste products

Microscopic anatomy

Examines structures that cannot be observed by the unaided eye. Specimens examined under microscope

The Body's Levels of Organization: The View from Simplest to Most Complex

From simplest to most complex: -chemical level -cellular level -tissue level -organ level -organ system level -organismal level

Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy

Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye. Specimens dissected for examination

Mediastinum

Median space in the thoracic cavity Contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart

Pleura

Membrane surrounding the lungs

Oblique planes

Pass through structures at an angle

Physiologists focus on:

Physiologists focus on the molecular or cellular level

What does it mean if an organism is 'responsive', and how does this characteristic relate to the survival of the organism?

Responsiveness is the ability to sense and react to stimuli. The ability to make changes in response to the environment is crucial for survival.

Subdisciplines focus on:

Subdisciplines focus on a particular body system

The term antebrachial refers to which body region?

The forearm (portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist)

Which organ system is responsible for filtering the blood and removing the waste products of the blood in the form of urine?

The urinary system

Serous pericardium

Two-layered serous membrane

Serous pericardium

Two-layered serous membrane: -Parietal pericardium -Visceral pericardium

Midsagittal plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves

Regulation

adjust internal bodily function to environment changes

Appendicular region

composed of the upper and lower limb

Nervous system

controls body movement, responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory

visceral layer

covers the external surface of organs (the viscera) within that cavity

Digestive system

digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, expels waste products

Organs

e.g., the small intestine composed of all four tissue types, working to process and absorb digested nutrients

cranial cavity

formed by bones of the cranium houses the brain (endocranium)

vertebral canal

formed by the bones of the vertebral column houses the spinal cord

anterior and posterior

front(eyes etc located) and back(

Plane

imaginary flat surface passing through the body

Axial region

includes the head, neck, and trunk forms the main vertical axis of the body

Visceral pleura

inner layer which covers the external surface of the lungs

Visceral pericardium

inner layer which forms the heart's external surface

Radiographic anatomy

investigates internal structures visualized by scanning procedures

catabolism

large molecules broken down into smaller ones

parietal layer

lines the internal surface of the body wall

Organelles

microscopic subunits in cells composed of macromolecules

Macromolecules

more complex molecules e.g., proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Cardiovascular system

moves blood through blood vessels to distribute nutrients, gases, hormones, and pick up waste products

Parietal pericardium

outer layer which forms the sac around the heart

Parietal pleura

outer layer which lines the internal surface of thoracic wall

Pericardial cavity

potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid

Reproduce

produce new cells for growth, maintenance, and repair with sex cells, can develop into new organisms

Muscular system

produces body movement, generates heat

Female reproductive system

produces female sex cells and hormones, site of fertilization and growth of embryo and fetus

Male reproductive system

produces male sex cells and hormones, transfers sperm to female

Integumentary system

provides protection, regulates body temperature, houses cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss

Skeletal system

provides support and protection, site of blood cell production, stores calcium and phosphorus

Which directional term would be most appropriate in the sentence, "The elbow is ________ to the wrist?

proximal

Respiratory system

responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air

Endocrine system

secretes hormones, which perform a variety of functions

Section

slice or cut to expose internal anatomy

anabolism

small molecules joined to form larger ones

embryology

studies developmental changes from conception to birth

systemic anatomy

studies the anatomy of each functional body system

Anatomy

studies the form and structure of the body.

Homeostasis

the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment, or "steady state"

Responsiveness

the ability to sense and react to stimuli

Neurophysiology

the functioning of nerves and nervous system organs

Reproductive physiology

the functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle

Respiratory physiology

the functioning of respiratory organs

Cardiovascular physiology

the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

Pathophysiology

the relationship between the function of an organ system and disease or injury to the system

Between membranes is a potential space?

the serous cavity

Cells

the smallest living structures basic units of structure and function in organisms vary widely in structure, reflecting specializations needed. e.g., skeletal muscle cell is long and red blood cell is small and flattened.

Cytology

the study of body cells and their internal structure

Histology

the study of tissues

Lymphatic system

transports and filters lymph and participates in immune response