Psych 202 Chapter 13 Terms

delusions of persecution

others are plotting against or trying to harm the person or someone close to her

comorbidity

people diagnosed with one disorder are also frequently diagnosed with another disorder as well

compulsions

repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent/reduce anxiety and distress, or to prevent a dreaded event or situation

dopamine hypothesis

says schizophrenia is attributed to excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain

lanugo

soft, fine body hair that develops in people with severe anorexia since their ability to retain body heat is greatly reduced

1. pathological anxiety is irrational 2. pathological anxiety is uncontrollable 3. pathological anxiety is disruptive

3 features that distinguish normal anxiety from pathological anxiety:

1.) the person frequently recalls the event intrusively 2.) the person avoids stimuli or situations that trigger memories of the experience 3.) may experience negative emotions, moods, or alterations in thinking 4.) increased physical arousal

4 core clusters of symptoms characterize PTSD:

more

A brain that is "wired" for anxiety can give a person a head start toward developing GAD later in life, but problematic relationships and stressful experiences can make the possibility ______ likely

immune

A large number of gene variants were found to occur on a specific chromosome that is also known to harbor genes involved in the __________ response.

limbic system; cortex

A new theory says that some parts of the brain, such as the ______ ________, may have too much dopamine, while others, such as the _________, may have too little

10

A panic attack usually peaks within ___ minutes of onset and then gradually subsides

four

A small percentage of bipolar disorder patients display rapid cycling - experiencing ____ or more manic/depressive episodes a year

stronger

Although both major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders have genetic predispositions, bipolar disorder has much __________ genetic roots than major depressive disorder

reduced

Abnormal sleep patterns are common in major depressive disorder; the amount of time spent in non dreaming, deeply relaxed sleep is greatly _________ or absent, experiencing sporadic REM periods of varying lengths

1; 4

About ___ % of the US population will experience at least one episode of schizophrenia at some point in life; global rates are closer to ___ %

13; twice

About ___ % of the general population experiences a specific phobia at some time in their lives and more than ______ as many women as men suffer from specific phobia

80

About ___ % of the improvement from antidepressants seems to be due to a placebo effect

11

Anxiety disorders and impulse-control disorders tend to begin at a much earlier age, around age ____, as compared to substance abuse disorders or mood disorders

one; women

Anxiety disorders will affect ____ in four people in the US during their lifetime and are much more common in _________

main

Anxiety occurs in many different psychological disorders but in anxiety disorders, anxiety is the ______ symptom

physical; mental

Anxiety puts you on both _________ alert (preparing you to defensively fight or flee potential dangers) and _________ alert (making you focus your attention squarely on the threatening situation)

4

Approximately ___ % of the general population displays the characteristics of antisocial personality disorder, with men outnumbering women

10

Approximately ___ % of those suffering from major depressive disorder attempt suicide

1. those with psychopathy who tend to be more "cold" and "callous" 2. those with traditional antisocial traits who tend to be more "hot" or "volatile"

Arielle Baskin-Sommers and her colleagues reported 2 subtypes of antisocial personality disorder:

10

As many as ___ % of those with borderline personality disorder will eventually commit suicide

increases

As paternal age increases, the risk of offspring developing schizophrenia ___________

1/4; 1/4; ½

About ____ of those who experience an episode of schizophrenia recover and never experience another episode; another ____ experience recurrent episodes but often with minimal impairment in functioning; for the remaining ___, schizophrenia becomes a chronic mental illness

3/4

About _____ of patients with OCD suffer from multiple obsessions

two

According to DSM-5, schizophrenia is diagnosed when ____ or more of these characteristic symptoms are actively present for a month or longer

less

After completing a cognitive task in which they were asked to mentally sort a short list of numbers, depressed people showed ____ activity in the prefrontal cortex than did those in the control group

cases; alters

After the 1970s when multiple personality disorder was popularized in the media, the number of ______ of dissociative identity disorder and the number of ______ increased dramatically

major depressive disorder (MDD)

a mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness, causing impaired emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and physical functioning

cyclothymic disorder

a mood disorder characterized by moderate but frequent mood swings that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

a mood disorder in which episodes of depression typically occur during the fall and winter and subside during the spring and summer

bipolar disorder

a mood disorder involving periods of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement; formerly called manic depression

psychological disorder (mental disorder)

a pattern of behavioral and psychological symptoms that causes significant personal distress, impairs the ability to function in one or more important areas of life, or both; the pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms must represent a serious departure from the prevailing social and cultural norms

phobia

a persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity

serotonin

Eating disorders involve decreases in brain activity of the neurotransmitter ___________ and also frequently co-occur with other psychiatric disorders like major depressive disorder, substance abuse disorder, personality disorders, OCD, and anxiety disorders

antisocial personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others; such individuals are also often referred to as psychopaths or sociopaths

borderline personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions and marked impulsivity

schizophrenia

a psychological disorder in which the ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions, and thought processes

panic attack

a sudden episode of extreme anxiety that rapidly escalates in intensity

manic episode

a sudden, rapidly escalating emotional state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, and rapid thoughts/speech

200,000; 1

Every year, about ________ new cases of schizophrenia are diagnosed in the US, and annually, approximately ___ million Americans are treated for it

glutamate

Excessive amounts of the neurotransmitter __________ have been implicated in OCD

1

For both men and women, the lifetime risk of developing bipolar disorder is ___ %

5

Gray matter loss ranged from about 1% in normal teens to more than __ % in schizophrenic teens

dissociative fugue

a type of dissociative amnesia involving sudden and unexpected travel away from home, extensive amnesia, and identity confusion; sometimes you adopt a whole new identity

DSM-5

abbreviation for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; the book published by the American Psychiatric Association that describes the specific symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for different psychological disorders

biosocial developmental theory of borderline personality disorder

according to this view, borderline personality disorder is the outcome of a unique combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors

specific phobia

an excessive, intense, and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that is actively avoided or endured with marked anxiety; interferes with ability to function in everyday life

strongly

High rates of alcoholism and other forms of substance abuse are __________ associated with antisocial personality disorder

women, people of low income, Native American men, Asian women

Highest prevalence of borderline personality disorder is among...

1. disrupts the body's electrolyte balance, leading to muscle cramps, irregular heartbeat, or other cardiac problems 2. stomach acids erode tooth enamel causing tooth decay and gum disease 3. over time, frequent vomiting can damage the gastrointestinal tract

Repeated purging...

women and people who live in the northern latitudes

SAD is more common among...

anxiety

an unpleasant emotional state characterized by physical arousal and feelings of tension, apprehension, and worry

TRUE

T or F: Content of delusions change as a culture shifts (i.e. during WWII delusions centered around Nazi soldiers, whereas now, they're more likely to involve technology)

TRUE

T or F: DSM-5 increasingly matches the disorders outlined in a similar manual utilized internationally, the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

TRUE

T or F: Depression is often accompanied by the physical symptoms of anxiety

TRUE

T or F: Dissociative amnesia is not due to a medical condition, but is a response to stress, trauma, or distress

TRUE

T or F: During a hallucination in a schizophrenic about someone yelling orders at him, there is activity in the left auditory and visual areas of the brain, but not in the frontal lobe, which normally is involved in organized thought processes

TRUE

T or F: Estimates for countries with low rates of mental illness, like Nigeria, are likely to be biased because of a cultural stigma against disclosing symptoms of psychological disorders

TRUE

T or F: Even in people with no family or personal history of bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder, chronic stress can produce major depressive disorder

TRUE

T or F: Even ineffective strategies can appear to be effective because the symptoms of many psychological disorders, especially those involving mild to moderate symptoms, diminish with the simple passage of time or with improvements in the person's overall situation

TRUE

T or F: For each generation, new cases of schizophrenia arise from genetic mutations carried in the sperm of the biological fathers

FALSE; it is

T or F: Hospitalization is not usually required during a manic episode

TRUE

T or F: In a manic episode, attention is easily distracted by virtually anything, triggering a flight of ideas, in which thoughts rapidly and loosely shift from topic to topic

TRUE

T or F: In addition to their memory problems, people with dissociative identity disorder have numerous psychiatric and physical symptoms, along with a chaotic personal history

TRUE

T or F: In generalized anxiety disorder, one source of worry if removed is quickly replaced

TRUE

T or F: Major depressive disorder is among the most prevalent psychological disorders and is one of the most devastating of any illness worldwide

TRUE

T or F: Many studies have suggested that smoking triggers the onset of symptoms in people who are probably already vulnerable to the development of a mental disorder, especially major depressive disorder

TRUE

T or F: Nondepressed children of parents with depressive disorders show the kind of biased thinking and patterns of brain activity seen in people who are depressed

TRUE

T or F: OCD has been linked to broad deficits in the ability to manage cognitive processes such as attention

FALSE; not technically

T or F: OCD is classified as an anxiety disorder

TRUE

T or F: Obsessions/compulsions take a similar shape in different cultures around the world, but the content of them tends to mirror the particular culture's concerns and beliefs

TRUE

T or F: PTSD can occur in children

TRUE

T or F: PTSD is unusual in that the source of the disorder is the traumatic event itself, rather than a cause that lies within the individual

TRUE

T or F: People may experience either obsessions or compulsions, but more commonly, they're both present and linked in some way

FALSE; largely indistinguishable

T or F: People taught to simulate dissociative identity disorder are largely distinguishable from people actually diagnosed with DID

TRUE

T or F: People with OCD have the irrational belief that failure to perform the ritual action will lead to catastrophic or disastrous outcomes

TRUE

T or F: People with borderline personality disorder have a chronic, pervasive sense of emptiness and alternately cling to others or pushes them away

TRUE

T or F: People with panic disorder are often hypersensitive to signs of physical arousal

TRUE

T or F: People with personality disorders often don't seek help because they blame others and don't think anything is wrong with them

TRUE

T or F: People with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles, a loss of gray matter, and lower overall volume of the brain

FALSE; not technically

T or F: Post-traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder

TRUE

T or F: Psychotic symptoms increased the most in participants who lost the greatest quantity of gray matter

TRUE

T or F: Schizophrenia is associated with thousands of common gene variations

TRUE

T or F: Social anxiety disorder is one of the most common psychological disorders and is more prevalent in women than men

TRUE

T or F: Sociopaths have a sense of morality that psychopaths lack

TRUE

T or F: Some researchers believe that a disruption in attachment relationships in early childhood can contribute to borderline personality disorder

TRUE

T or F: Substance abuse greatly increases the risk of violent behavior by people who have been diagnosed with a severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia

TRUE

T or F: Symptoms of mental illness are not a strong predict of criminal behavior

TRUE

T or F: Syndromes resembling panic disorder have been reported in many cultures (ex: ataque de nervios in spanish cultures)

TRUE

T or F: Teenagers with schizophrenia showed a severe loss of gray matter that developed in a specific wavelike pattern; the loss began in the parietal lobes and moved to the temporal and frontal regions

TRUE

T or F: The alters in DID seem to embody different aspects of the individual's personality that cannot be integrated into the primary personality

TRUE

T or F: The beginnings of antisocial personality disorder can be seen in children and adolescents that draw constant attention from authorities (police, school) --> pattern of behavior is typically diagnosed as conduct disorder

FALSE; not mentally ill

T or F: The vast majority of violent crimes, even heinous ones, are committed by people who are mentally ill

TRUE

T or F: This classification of personality disorders by of DSM-5 into 3 clusters is problematic because many people display the characteristics of more than one personality disorder, making diagnosis difficult

TRUE

T or F: Violence isn't necessary for diagnosis and individuals with antisocial personality disorder have a lack of anxiety

TRUE

T or F: When children with a genetic background of schizophrenia were raised in a psychologically healthy adoptive family, they were no more likely than the control group to develop schizophrenia

TRUE

T or F: When viewing negative emotional words, depressed people showed increased activity in the amygdala

one

The NCS-R found that almost ____ out of 2 adults, or 46%, had experienced the symptoms of a psychological disorder at some point thus far in their lives

59

The NCS-R found that most people in the US with the symptoms of a mental disorder, ____ %, received no treatment during the past year

one

The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) found that _____ out of four respondents, or 26%, reported experiencing the symptoms of a psychological disorder during the previous years; also revealed a high degree of comorbidity

dissociative disorder

a category of psychological disorders in which extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, and personal identity impair the ability to function

anxiety disorders

a category of psychological disorders in which extreme anxiety is the main diagnostic feature and causes significant disruptions in the person's cognitive, behavioral, or interpersonal functioning

persistent depressive disorder

a disorder involving chronic feelings of depression that is often less severe than major depressive disorder

post-traumatic stress disorder

a disorder triggered by exposure to a highly traumatic event that results in recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive memories of the event; avoidance of stimuli and situations associated with the event; negative changes in thoughts, moods, and emotions; and a persistent state of heightened physical arousal

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

a dissociative disorder involving extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of 2 or more distinct identities, or "personalities" called alters or alter egos; formerly called multiple personalities disorders

dissociative amnesia

a dissociative disorder involving the partial or total inability to recall important personal information

hallucination

a false or distorted perception that seems vividly real to the person experiencing it; content is often tied to delusional beliefs

delusion

a falsely held belief that persists despite compelling contradictory evidence

flat affect

diminished emotional expression; speech is slow and monotonous

taijin kyofusho

disorder amongst Japanese males similar to social anxiety disorder where they fear that his appearance, smell, facial expression, or body language will offend others

obsessive compulsive disorder

disorder characterized by the presence of intrusive, repetitive, and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform (compulsions)

maladaptive

disrupting everyday activities, moods, and thought processes

alogia

greatly reduced production of speech; verbal responses are limited to brief, empty comments

triple vulnerabilities model

states that a biological predisposition toward anxiety, a low sense of control over potentially life-threatening events, and an oversensitivity to physical sensations combine to make a person vulnerable to panic

avolition

the inability to initiate or persist in even simple forms of goal-directed behaviors, such as dressing or bathing

psychopathology

the scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders

1.) a vulnerability to PTSD can be inherited 2.) people with a personal or family history of psychological disorders are more likely to develop PTSD 3.) magnitude of trauma --> more extreme stressors = more likely to produce PTSD 4.) frequency of exposure; when people undergo multiple traumas, the incidence of PTSD can be high

Why do some people develop PTSD while others don't?

GAD anxiety can be attached to virtually any object or to none at all

Why is GAD referred to as free floating anxiety?

increase; decreases

With each recurrence of major depressive disorder, the symptoms tend to _________ in severity and the time spent between episodes ______________

2

Women are ____ times as likely as men to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder

90-95

___ - ___ % of people who experience eating disorders are women

observational

_________________ learning is also involved in the development of phobias; some people learn to be phobic of certain objects or situations by observing the fearful reactions of someone else who acts as a model in the situation

dissociative experience

a break or disruption in consciousness during which awareness, memory, and personal identity become separated or divided

eating disorder

a category of mental disorders characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior

12

BMIs can drop to ___ or lower in anorexic individuals

mood; affective

Because disturbed moods and emotions are core symptoms in both the depressive and bipolar disorders, they're sometimes called ______ disorders or __________ disorders

twice; negative

Binges typically occur ____ a week and are often triggered by ___________ feelings or hunger

lithium

Bipolar disorder recurs often because the individual has stopped taking _________

most; most

Borderline personality disorder is the _____ severe personality disorder and the _____ commonly diagnosed, affecting 6% of the population

frontal lobes, areas used in fight or flight, and caudate nucleus

Brain areas in patients with OCD that have deficits include....

diminish

By middle to late adulthood, the antisocial tendencies of such individuals with antisocial personality disorder tend to ___________.

glutamate

By normalizing _________ levels, lithium helps prevent both the excesses that may cause mania and the deficits that cause depression

overt; covert

Compulsions may be ______ physical behaviors (i.e. checking door locks) or ________ mental behaviors (i.e. counting in your head)

1. Inclusion of some conditions that are too "normal" to be considered disorders, such as extreme sadness related to bereavement 2. Use of arbitrary cutoffs to draw the line between people with and without a particular disorder, and even between different diagnoses 3. Gender bias 4. Possible bias resulting from the financial ties of many DSM-5 authors to the pharmaceutical industry, which might benefit from the expansion of mental illness categories or loosening of criteria for diagnoses 5. DSM-5 blurs the distinction between everyday normal unhappiness and "mental illness"

Criticisms of DSM-5:

1.) a severity scale, which assesses the degree of impairment in personality functioning 2.) a trait scale, which rates the person on pathological personality traits

DSM-5 also assesses people on 2 dimensions:

260

DSM-5 describes more than _____ specific psychological disorders

1. odd, eccentric personality disorders 2. dramatic, emotional, erratic personality disorders 3. anxious, fearful personality disorders

DSM-5 identifies ten distinct personality disorders organized into 3 clusters:

hundreds

DSM-5 represents the consensus of _________ of mental health professionals, mostly psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, representing many different organizations and perspectives

norepinephrine; serotonin

Deficiencies in the neurotransmitters _____________ and ______________ have been implicated in OCD

greater

If either biological parent of an adopted individual has schizophrenia, the adopted individual is at ________ risk to develop schizophrenia

intense

In BPD, moods and emotions are ___________, fluctuating, and extreme, often vastly out of proportion to the triggering incident and seemingly uncontrollable

1. basal metabolic rate decreases 2. blood levels of glucose, insulin, and leptin decrease 3. reproductive hormones decrease 4. reduced estrogen can result in menstrual cycle stopping

In anorexics....

7; 15

In any given year, ___ % of Americans are affected by major depressive disorder and about ___ % will be affected at some point in their lives

5

In any given year, it's estimated that more than ____ million American adults experience PTSD after a trauma

negative

In combination, ___________ symptoms accentuate the isolation of the person with schizophrenia

similar

Major depressive disorder and chronic stress lead to remarkably __________ changes in the neurochemistry of the brain

shorter

Manic/depressive episodes of bipolar disorder are much ___________ than depressive episodes in major depressive disorder -- about a few days to a couple of months

negative

More rapid gray matter loss in the frontal lobes was strongly correlated with the severity of __________ symptoms, including flat affect and poverty of speech

positive

More rapid gray matter loss in the temporal lobes was associated with more severe __________ symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions

½

More than ____ of all people who have been through one episode of major depressive disorder can expect a relapse, usually within 2 years

experiences of bereavement, separation from significant others, and interpersonal loss

Most often associated with triggering panic attacks are...

1. fear of particular situations (i.e. flying, driving, tunnels, bridges, elevators, crowds, or enclosed spaces) 2. fear of features of the natural environment (i.e. heights, water, thunderstorms, lightning) 3. fear of injury or blood (fear of injections, needles, and medical or dental procedures) 4. fear of animals or insects

Objects or situations that produce specific phobias fall into 4 categories:

5; 20

One comprehensive survey found that although ___ % of normal television characters are murderers, ___ % of mentally ill characters are killers

increased

One study showed that people who were depressed showed ________ activation in certain parts of the brain when trying to get rid of negative words in their working memory and people who were not depressed showed similar activation when getting rid of positive words

avoidance

Operant conditioning can also be involved in the _____________ of behavior that characterize phobias

less

People in developing countries are _____ likely than those in developed countries to seek treatment

more

People in the US were _____ likely to experience their voices as dark and vicious during hallucinations, whereas people in Ghana and India were _____ likely to have a positive relationship with their voices

disgust

People seem predisposed to develop phobias toward creatures that arouse ________ --->may reflect a fear of contamination or infection that is also based on human evolutionary history

absolutes

People with borderline personality disorder see everyone as _____________; ex: perfect or worthless, no in between

twice

People with mental illness are ______ as likely to smoke cigarettes as people with no mental illness

better

People with schizophrenia have a ________ outcome in the developing world than in the developed world

10

Personality disorders become evident during adolescence or early childhood and are evident in about ____ % of the general population

more

Schizophrenia occurs ______ often in people who were born in the winter and spring months, when upper respiratory infections are most common

greater

Schizophrenia tends to cluster in families and the more closely related a person is to someone with schizophrenia, the __________ the risk that she will be diagnosed with schizophrenia in her lifetime

6

Schizophrenia usually involves a longer personal history, typically ___ months or more, of odd behaviors, beliefs, perceptual experiences, or other less severe signs of mental disturbance

½

Slightly more than _____ of patients with OCD report having more than one type of compulsion

bipolar

Some of the same unique genetic patterns associated with schizophrenia have also been found in DNA samples from people with _______ disorder

1. drugs that reduce/block dopamine activity in the brain reduces schizophrenic symptoms 2. drugs that enhance dopamine activity can produce schizophrenic-like symptoms in normal adults

Support for the dopamine hypothesis:

a pounding heart, rapid breathing, breathlessness, a choking sensation, feelings of terror, and the belief that one is about to die, go crazy, or lose control

Symptoms of a panic attack include...

major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, PTSD, substance abuse, sleep disorders, and self destructive behavior

Symptoms of these disorders are common in dissociative identity disorder patients:

TRUE

T or F: A person with a mental disorder who is not suffering from extreme psychological symptoms is no more likely than the average person to be involved in violent or illegal behavior

TRUE

T or F: A person with antisocial personality disorder has the ability to lie, steal, cheat, and otherwise manipulate and harm other people but when caught, shows little to no remorse for having caused pain, damage, or loss to others

TRUE

T or F: A small percentage of people with bipolar disorder only experience manic episodes

TRUE

T or F: Among the delusions experienced across seven countries, 16.8% of the content was culturally specific

TRUE

T or F: Another provocative theory is that schizophrenia might be caused by an exposure to an influenza virus or other viral infection during prenatal development or shortly after birth

TRUE

T or F: Antidepressants were found to work better than placebos for some patients, but only those with very high levels of depression

TRUE

T or F: Classical conditioning may be involved in the development of a specific phobia that can be traced back to some traumatic event

1. dissociative amnesia (which can occur with or without dissociative fugue) 2. dissociative identity disorder (previously called multiple personality disorder)

The category of dissociative disorders consists of 2 basic disorders:

self destructive

The deep despair and inner emptiness that people with borderline personality disorder experience are outwardly expressed in ______ ____________ behavior (i.e. cutting, suicide attempts)

delusional

The grandiose ideas that come from manic episodes represent ____________, or false, beliefs

1/3; 12; 50

The lifetime rate of mental illness is about ____, with rates varying across countries, from about ___% in Nigeria to about ___% in the US

more

The more issues about which a person worries excessively, the ______ likely it is that he or she suffers from GAD

20s

The onset of bipolar disorder typically occurs in a person's early _____

unaware

The primary personality is __________ of the existence of the alternate personalities, but the alters may have knowledge of each other's existence and share memories

50

There is a ____ % risk rate for a person whose identical twin has schizophrenia

2 weeks

To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, you must display symptoms for ________ or longer

glutamate

acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in many brain areas

mood

affect =

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety; also known as free floating anxiety

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder in which the person experiences frequent and unexpected panic attacks

agoraphobia

an anxiety disorder involving extreme fear of experiencing a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms in a public situation where escape is impossible and help is unavailable

social anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in a social situation

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, or other inappropriate methods to purge the excess food and prevent weight gain

binge-eating disorder

an eating disorder characterized by binges of extreme overeating without use of self induced vomiting or other inappropriate measures to purge the excess food

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by excessive weight loss, an irrational fear of gaining weight, and distorted body self-perception

negative symptoms

in schizophrenia, symptoms that reflect defects or deficits in normal functioning, including flat affect, alogia, and avolition

positive symptoms

in schizophrenia, symptoms that reflect excesses or distortions of normal functioning, including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts and behavior

catatonia

includes symptoms that reflect highly disturbed movements or actions

personality disorder

inflexible, maladaptive patterns of thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and interpersonal functioning that are stable over time and across situations and that deviate from the expectations of the individual's culture

delusions of being controlled

involve the belief that outside forces (i.e. aliens or the government) are trying to exert control on the individual

delusions of grandeur

involve the belief that the person is extremely powerful, important, or wealthy

catastrophic cognitions theory

people with panic disorder are not only oversensitive to physical sensations, they tend to catastrophize the meaning of their experience

delusions of reference

reflect the person's false conviction that other people's behavior and ordinary events are somehow personally related to her

obsessions

repeated, intrusive, and uncontrollable irrational thoughts or mental images that cause extreme anxiety and distress; have little to no basis in reality