chapter 1
D
Where are stratospheric ozone concentrations lowest? A) over the tropics B) over the midlatitudes C) over the North Pole D) over the South Pole
D
The temperature at the top of the mesosphere is about __________ degrees Celsius. A) 0 B) -40 C) -60 D) -90 C
D
The temperature at the top of the troposphere is about __________ degrees Celsius. A) 0 B) -20 C) -40 D) -60
B
The timing of the solar wind coincides with the timing of __________. A) drought cycles B) solar flare activity C) stages of the Moon D) Earth's magnetic field strength
C
The tropopause is the division between what? A) the stratosphere and the mesosphere B) the troposphere and the mesosphere C) the troposphere and the stratosphere D) the stratosphere and the thermosphere
B
Clouds are composed of __________. A) water vapor B) aerosols C) nitrogen D) CFCs
A
The main source of particulate matter in the United States is __________. A) coal burning B) industrial processes C) transportation D) windblown dust
C
Which is a CFC sink? A) photosynthesis B) condensation C) ultraviolet radiation D) soil bacteria
C
Which is not an example of particulate matter? A) dust B) smoke C) ozone D) pollen
C
Which is not one of the three main factors that concentrate or disperse pollution? A) topography B) temperature inversions C) vegetation D) wind
B
Which is photochemical smog? A) sulfur dioxide B) ground-level ozone C) nitrogen dioxide D) VOCs
D
Which molecule does not occur naturally? A) ozone B) methane C) carbon dioxide D) CFCs and HFCs
B
The ozonosphere is anticipated to return to 1980 levels by about the year __________. A) 2020 B) 2040 C) 2060 D) 2080
A
Auroras are caused by __________. A) the solar wind B) electromagnetic radiation from the Sun C) high temperatures in the thermosphere D) gas properties of the ionosphere
C
The gas that causes ozonosphere thinning is __________. A) methane B) ozone C) CFCs D) carbon dioxide
A
The top of the mesosphere occurs at about __________ kilometers. A) 80 B) 90 C) 100 D) 110
B
The top of the stratosphere occurs at about __________ kilometers. A) 40 B) 50 C) 60 D) 70
C
The top of the thermosphere is found at __________ kilometers. A) 400 B) 500 C) 600 D) 700
B
Under the Montreal Protocol, CFCs have mostly been replaced by what chemical? A) methane B) HFCs C) fluorine D) carbon dioxide
A
What did the Montreal Protocol mandate? A) the phaseout of CFCs B) the phaseout of fossil fuels C) the cleaning up of sulfur dioxide D) the phaseout of ground-level ozone
B
What type of solar radiation causes ozone molecules to break apart and reform? A) visible sunlight B) ultraviolet radiation C) thermal radiation D) microwave radiation
B
When there is __________ it gets warmer as altitude increases. A) strong wind B) a temperature inversion C) an environmental lapse rate D) acid rain
A
When was the Montreal Protocol ratified? A) 1987 B) 1990 C) 1995 D) 2001
B
Which atom comes from a CFC molecule and breaks ozone apart? A) fluorine B) chlorine C) carbon D) oxygen
D
Which causes acid rain? A) carbon monoxide B) ground-level ozone C) VOCs D) sulfur dioxide
B
Which city has the highest air pressure on average? A) Winnipeg, Canada—232 meters (761 feet) B) Cairo, Egypt—23 meters (75 feet) C) Ulan Bator, Mongolia—1,350 meters (4,429 feet) D) Santiago, Chile—520 meters (1,706 feet)
C
Which city has the lowest air pressure on average? A) Winnipeg, Canada—232 meters (761 feet) B) Cairo, Egypt—23 meters (75 feet) C) Ulan Bator, Mongolia—1,350 meters (4,429 feet) D) Santiago, Chile—520 meters (1,706 feet)
B
Which condition is not among the human health problems caused by exposure to increased levels of ultraviolet radiation? A) skin cancer B) respiratory problems C) reduced immunity D) cataracts
A
Which is a CFC source? A) human activity B) condensation C) ultraviolet radiation D) soil bacteria
B
Which is a main characteristic of the stratosphere? A) strong vertical mixing B) permanent temperature inversion C) where meteors burn up D) where all the weather occurs
B
Which is a methane sink? A) photosynthesis B) ultraviolet radiation C) the oceans D) rainfall
D
Which is a natural methane source? A) photosynthesis B) volcanoes C) fossil fuels D) anaerobic bacteria
B
Which is a natural source of carbon dioxide? A) photosynthesis B) volcanic activity C) fossil fuel combustion D) ultraviolet radiation
C
Which is a nitrous oxide sink? A) photosynthesis B) condensation C) ultraviolet radiation D) soil bacteria
D
Which is a nitrous oxide source? A) photosynthesis B) condensation C) ultraviolet radiation D) soil bacteria
A
Which is a sink for carbon dioxide? A) photosynthesis B) ultraviolet radiation C) soil bacteria D) volcanoes
B
Which is a water-vapor sink? A) evaporation B) condensation C) ultraviolet radiation D) fossil fuels
C
Which is not a primary pollutant? A) carbon monoxide B) nitrogen dioxide C) ground-level ozone D) sulfur dioxide
A
Which is not found in the troposphere? A) a permanent temperature inversion B) all of Earth's weather C) the highest atmospheric density D) vertical mixing
C
Which statement is not true of the exosphere? A) It is the top-most layer of the atmosphere that fades to outer space. B) Some gas molecules escape from it out to space. C) It is where meteors burn up as they enter the atmosphere from space. D) There is almost no air pressure.
B
__________ facilitate(s) a reduction of ozone in the ozonosphere. A) Particulate matter B) Nacreous clouds C) High atmospheric density D) The presence of nitrogen dioxide
B
A primary pollutant is defined as __________. A) a pollutant that is toxic to humans B) a pollutant that enters the air or water directly from the source C) a pollutant that has been altered by reactions with other pollutants D) a pollutant that is emitted by natural sources such as volcanoes
D
A problem with HFCs is that they __________. A) are toxic pollutants B) cause ground-level ozone C) affect plant photosynthesis D) are strong greenhouse gases
A
According to the figure, chlorine atoms change ozone molecules to what? (MAP) A) oxygen molecules and oxygen atoms B) CFC molecules C) more ozone molecules D) chlorine atoms
C
According to the figure, how is ozone broken down naturally? (MAP) A) by reactions with CFCs B) by reactions with chlorine atoms C) by reactions with ultraviolet radiation D) by reactions with carbon dioxide
C
According to the figure, how is ozone formed naturally? (MAP) A) by reactions with CFCs B) by reactions with chlorine atoms C) by reactions with ultraviolet radiation D) by reactions with carbon dioxide
C
According to the graph, which air pollutant has dropped least? (MAP) A) CO B) NOx C) PM10 D) SO2
A
According to the graph, which air pollutant has dropped most between 1990 and 2012? (MAP) A) CO B) NOx C) PM10 D) SO2
D
According to this figure, ultraviolet rays do what? (MAP) A) form ozone molecules B) break apart ozone molecules C) break apart CFC molecules D) ultraviolet rays do all of the above
C
Referring to the graph, what is responsible for the downward trend in these pollutants? (MAP) A) population decrease B) people driving fewer miles C) enactment of the U.S. Clean Air Act D) different measurement techniques
B
Referring to the map of carbon monoxide concentrations, what is the most likely source of carbon monoxide for equatorial Africa in winter? (MAP) A) industrial emissions B) agricultural waste burning C) fossil fuel emissions D) natural forest emissions
B
Referring to the map, what causes particulate matter to be high in eastern Asia? (MAP) A) dust storms B) industrial emissions C) agricultural emissions D) photochemical reactions
B
Referring to the map, what causes particulate matter to be high in northern India?(MAP) A) dust storms B) industrial emissions C) agricultural emissions D) photochemical reactions
A
Referring to the map, what causes particulate matter to be high in the Sahara in northern Africa? (MAP) A) dust storms B) industrial emissions C) agricultural emissions D) photochemical reactions
B
Referring to the map, what causes particulate matter to be high in the eastern United States? (MAP) A) dust storms B) industrial emissions C) agricultural emissions D) photochemical reactions
C
The atmospheric lifetime of a CFC molecule can be __________ years or more. A) 10 B) 100 C) 1,000 D) 10,000
C
The division between the mesosphere and the thermosphere is called the __________. A) tropopause B) stratopause C) mesopause D) thermopause
B
The division between the stratosphere and the mesosphere is called the __________. A) tropopause B) stratopause C) mesopause D) thermopause
A
The temperature at the top of the stratosphere is about __________ degrees Celsius. A) 0 B) -10 C) -20 D) -30
A
Which is a water-vapor source? A) evaporation B) condensation C) ultraviolet radiation D) rainfall
C
Which is an anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide? A) photosynthesis B) volcanoes C) fossil fuels D) anaerobic bacteria
C
Which is an ozone sink? A) photosynthesis B) condensation C) ultraviolet radiation D) fossil fuels
C
Which is an ozone source? A) photosynthesis B) evaporation C) ultraviolet radiation D) aerosols
B
Which is not a greenhouse gas? A) water vapor B) oxygen C) methane D) ozone
B
At sea level there are __________ pounds per square inch of air pressure on average. A) 10.8 B) 14.7 C) 15.4 D) 16.8
A
At sea level there is/are __________ kilogram(s) per square centimeter of air pressure on average. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4
A
Clouds in the troposphere end at the tropopause because __________. A) the stratosphere is too warm B) there is too little water vapor in the stratosphere C) the stratosphere is too high for clouds to reach D) the stratosphere is too cold
D
Given the geographic pattern of ozonosphere thinning, which location would have the highest UV radiation levels at ground level? A) the southern United States B) northern Canada C) northern Australia D) southern Australia
A
Ninety-nine percent of the atmosphere is found below __________ kilometers. A) 32 B) 100 C) 170 D) 200
C
On average, the top of the troposphere occurs at about __________ kilometers. A) 5 B) 9 C) 12 D) 18
B
The main source of nitrogen dioxide pollution is __________. A) burning of vegetation B) burning of coal and gasoline C) incomplete burning of gasoline D) chemical reactions in sunlight
D
The main source of particulate matter in northern Africa is __________. A) coal burning B) industrial processes C) transportation D) windblown dust
C
Temperatures in upper reaches of the thermosphere are as high as _________ degrees Celsius. A) 100 B) 550 C) 1,200 D) 2,100
B
The Clean Air Act was first enacted in __________. A) 1967 B) 1970 C) 1985 D) 1990
C
The atmosphere is thicker in the tropics than at higher latitudes mostly because of __________. A) air circulation patterns B) gravity from the Moon C) Earth's rotation D) cloudiness
D
The division between the thermosphere and the exosphere is called the __________. A) tropopause B) stratopause C) mesopause D) thermopause
A
The division between the troposphere and the stratosphere is called the __________. A) tropopause B) stratopause C) mesopause D) thermopause
C
The geographically most extensive hole in the ozonosphere occurred in what year? A) 1980 B) 1990 C) 2000 D) 2010
D
The lowest-most layer of the atmosphere is called the __________. A) mesosphere B) stratosphere C) thermosphere D) troposphere
C
The main source of VOCs is __________. A) burning of vegetation B) burning of coal and gasoline C) incomplete burning of gasoline D) chemical reactions in sunlight
C
The main source of anthropogenic carbon monoxide in remote areas is __________. A) automobiles B) coal burning C) burning agricultural wastes and forests D) unburned gasoline
A
The main source of anthropogenic carbon monoxide in urban areas is __________. A) automobiles B) coal burning C) burning agricultural wastes and forests D) unburned gasoline