Chapter 1 Key terms
data mining
AI systems deployed in the retail sector are responsible for managing huge amounts of data and performing; retailers often study the data gathered from register terminals to determine which products are selling on a given day and in a specific location
hacktivism
(derived from hack and activism) involves using computers and computer networks in a subversive way to promote an agenda usually related to causes such as free speech, human rights, or freedom of information
Knowledge representation
Knowledge representation involves encoding information about the world into formats that the AI system can understand
Natural language processing (NLP)
NLP works to develop AI systems that understand written and spoken words and can interact with humans using language
digital divide
There is a serious gap in the levels of Internet access and the availability of technical tools in different regions of the world. The term for this difference in access to technology is the
embodied agents
This has led to designs that mimic how humans walk and grasp objects, producing robots called
virtual reality (VR)
Virtual reality creates an artificial environment that is immersive and interactive
personal ethics
a set of formal or informal ethical principles you use to make decisions
computer forensics
analyzes computer systems with specific techniques to gather potential legal evidence
recommendation engines
are AI systems that help people discover things they may like but are unlikely to discover on their own
artificial neural networks (ANNs)
are designed based on the structure of the human brain
crowdfunding
asking for small donations from a large number of people
bot accounts
automated programs retweeting news stories and quotes, have been used to create discord around controversial topics in many countries
crowd sourcing
checking in with the voice of the crowd
expert systems
computer programs that mimic the experience of human experts such as doctors or lawyers, were among the first attempts at producing AI
affective computing
developing systems that can recognize and simulate human emotions
predictive policing
gathering data from different sources, analyzing it, and then using the results to prevent future crime
collaborative consumption
implies that we are joining together as a group to use a specific product more efficiently
artificial intelligence (AI)
is a branch of computer science that focuses on creating computer systems able to perform tasks that are usually associated with human intelligence
Information technology (IT)
is a field of study focused on the management and processing of information
Deep learning (DL)
is a subset of the ML field that describes systems capable of learning from mistakes, just as humans do
Machine learning (ML)
is a type of AI that doesn't need to be specifically programmed. Instead, it analyzes patterns in data, then uses the patterns to draw conclusions and adjust the actions of the AI system accordingly
unethical behavior
is not conforming to a set of approved standards of behavior—cheating on an exam, for example
intelligence
is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills
augmented reality (AR)
is the addition of digital information directly into our reality, either to add more detail or at times to remove unwanted visual effects
Ethics
is the study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices individuals make
supervised learning
is used when the system can be trained with a huge number of examples
unsupervised learning
is when a system can look at data and build rules on its own to decide what it is seeing
Intellectual property
is work that is the result of someone's creativity and knowledge (such as music, writing, and software) that is protected by copyright law and documented by copyrights, patents, and trademarks
amoral behavior
occurs when a person has no sense of right and wrong and no interest in the moral consequences of his or her actions, such as when a murderer shows no remorse for his or her crime
Turning test
places a person in a room, asking written questions of two other "people." But one person is a live human being, while the other is a computer. If the questioner can't tell which one of the respondents is a computer, then Turing felt the computer had reached "intelligence." The computer is permitted to be deceptive; however, the human is required to help the questioner reach the correct conclusion
social media
platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram enable people to connect and exchange ideas
rules-based systems
software that asks questions and responds based on preprogrammed algorithms, were the first expert systems designed
crisis-mapping tool
that collects information from e-mails, text messages, blog posts, and tweets and then maps them, instantly making the information publicly available
computer vision
the ability to interpret visual information the way humans do
software
the instructions that tell the computer what to do
Web 2.0
the web now allows users to easily contribute content and connect with each other
spam
unsolicited electronic junk mail
cognitive surplus
was coined to reflect the combination of leisure time and the tools to be creative
computer literate
you understand the capabilities and limitations of computers and you know how to use them safely and efficiently