Chapter 1 Key terms

data mining

AI systems deployed in the retail sector are responsible for managing huge amounts of data and performing; retailers often study the data gathered from register terminals to determine which products are selling on a given day and in a specific location

hacktivism

(derived from hack and activism) involves using computers and computer networks in a subversive way to promote an agenda usually related to causes such as free speech, human rights, or freedom of information

Knowledge representation

Knowledge representation involves encoding information about the world into formats that the AI system can understand

Natural language processing (NLP)

NLP works to develop AI systems that understand written and spoken words and can interact with humans using language

digital divide

There is a serious gap in the levels of Internet access and the availability of technical tools in different regions of the world. The term for this difference in access to technology is the

embodied agents

This has led to designs that mimic how humans walk and grasp objects, producing robots called

virtual reality (VR)

Virtual reality creates an artificial environment that is immersive and interactive

personal ethics

a set of formal or informal ethical principles you use to make decisions

computer forensics

analyzes computer systems with specific techniques to gather potential legal evidence

recommendation engines

are AI systems that help people discover things they may like but are unlikely to discover on their own

artificial neural networks (ANNs)

are designed based on the structure of the human brain

crowdfunding

asking for small donations from a large number of people

bot accounts

automated programs retweeting news stories and quotes, have been used to create discord around controversial topics in many countries

crowd sourcing

checking in with the voice of the crowd

expert systems

computer programs that mimic the experience of human experts such as doctors or lawyers, were among the first attempts at producing AI

affective computing

developing systems that can recognize and simulate human emotions

predictive policing

gathering data from different sources, analyzing it, and then using the results to prevent future crime

collaborative consumption

implies that we are joining together as a group to use a specific product more efficiently

artificial intelligence (AI)

is a branch of computer science that focuses on creating computer systems able to perform tasks that are usually associated with human intelligence

Information technology (IT)

is a field of study focused on the management and processing of information

Deep learning (DL)

is a subset of the ML field that describes systems capable of learning from mistakes, just as humans do

Machine learning (ML)

is a type of AI that doesn't need to be specifically programmed. Instead, it analyzes patterns in data, then uses the patterns to draw conclusions and adjust the actions of the AI system accordingly

unethical behavior

is not conforming to a set of approved standards of behavior—cheating on an exam, for example

intelligence

is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills

augmented reality (AR)

is the addition of digital information directly into our reality, either to add more detail or at times to remove unwanted visual effects

Ethics

is the study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices individuals make

supervised learning

is used when the system can be trained with a huge number of examples

unsupervised learning

is when a system can look at data and build rules on its own to decide what it is seeing

Intellectual property

is work that is the result of someone's creativity and knowledge (such as music, writing, and software) that is protected by copyright law and documented by copyrights, patents, and trademarks

amoral behavior

occurs when a person has no sense of right and wrong and no interest in the moral consequences of his or her actions, such as when a murderer shows no remorse for his or her crime

Turning test

places a person in a room, asking written questions of two other "people." But one person is a live human being, while the other is a computer. If the questioner can't tell which one of the respondents is a computer, then Turing felt the computer had reached "intelligence." The computer is permitted to be deceptive; however, the human is required to help the questioner reach the correct conclusion

social media

platforms like Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram enable people to connect and exchange ideas

rules-based systems

software that asks questions and responds based on preprogrammed algorithms, were the first expert systems designed

crisis-mapping tool

that collects information from e-mails, text messages, blog posts, and tweets and then maps them, instantly making the information publicly available

computer vision

the ability to interpret visual information the way humans do

software

the instructions that tell the computer what to do

Web 2.0

the web now allows users to easily contribute content and connect with each other

spam

unsolicited electronic junk mail

cognitive surplus

was coined to reflect the combination of leisure time and the tools to be creative

computer literate

you understand the capabilities and limitations of computers and you know how to use them safely and efficiently