Chapter 1 questions

A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in

Building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of pas cultures

The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was

Charles Darwin

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as

Cultural relativism

The nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was

E.B. Tylor

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called

Ethnocentrism

A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is

Hypothesis

What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?

Industrialization

The practice of anthropologists explaining their research to participants and being clear about the risks involved is called _________________________.

Informed consent

During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists

Learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture l

Ethics, which are _______________________________, are important to anthropologists.

Moral questions of right and wrong

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is

Natural selection

What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?

The Industrial Revolution

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because

The complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize what?

The construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community

A key feature of the _____________ concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural.

The culture concept

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as

Proof of their primitive nature

The application of the comparative method in his research in Papua New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on

Published and unpublished accounts of mask collectors who visited different villages

A relativistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico, would emphasize what?

Those meanings are only sensible within. Culturally specific set of ideas about religion and spirituality

Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced." true or false

false

When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline

1800's

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

A goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

Anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called _____________________ and was a driving force in anthropology.

Colonialism

______________________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations.

Evolution

Anthropologists like E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Renato Rosaldo do not see cultural anthropology as a science. true or false

False

The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths. true or false

False

When cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing _______________________

Fieldwork

The term diversity, when defined anthropologically, means?

Focuses on multiplicity and variety

Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a _____ study.

Qualitative study

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing is

Quantitative data

The comparative method is:

Refers to the practice of comparing two or more cultures

An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize

Responsibilities toward the host country and the people being studied

An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as

The natural abilities of more civilized people to control less civilized people

A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution." true or false

True

Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument. true or false

True

There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly. true or false

True

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called

archaeology

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

biological anthropologybiological anthropology

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called

cultural anthropology

The method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is ____________________________.

ethnographic method

Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields. true or false

false

Historical archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provide an accurate description of the way the people actually lieved. true or false

false

The Human Terrain System, a program of the US military in Iraq and Afghanistan, used anthropologists to ______________________________.

help soldiers understand village politics and translate information.

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

linguistic anthropology

Linguistic anthropologists traditionally

study How our language evolved, how our mouths form words, and how indigenous people classify their social worlds

The practical use of anthropological knowledge to address real-world problems, sometimes called anthropology's "fifth field," is _________________________.

Applied anthropology

Diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference." True or false

true

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to (who):

the people or species they study