Chapter 1 questions
A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in
Building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of pas cultures
The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was
Charles Darwin
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as
Cultural relativism
The nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was
E.B. Tylor
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called
Ethnocentrism
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is
Hypothesis
What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?
Industrialization
The practice of anthropologists explaining their research to participants and being clear about the risks involved is called _________________________.
Informed consent
During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
Learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture l
Ethics, which are _______________________________, are important to anthropologists.
Moral questions of right and wrong
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is
Natural selection
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
The Industrial Revolution
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because
The complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize what?
The construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community
A key feature of the _____________ concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural.
The culture concept
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
Proof of their primitive nature
The application of the comparative method in his research in Papua New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on
Published and unpublished accounts of mask collectors who visited different villages
A relativistic perspective on the meanings of Coca-Cola in Tzotzil Maya communities in Chiapas, Mexico, would emphasize what?
Those meanings are only sensible within. Culturally specific set of ideas about religion and spirituality
Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced." true or false
false
When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline
1800's
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
A goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
Anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called _____________________ and was a driving force in anthropology.
Colonialism
______________________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations.
Evolution
Anthropologists like E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Renato Rosaldo do not see cultural anthropology as a science. true or false
False
The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths. true or false
False
When cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing _______________________
Fieldwork
The term diversity, when defined anthropologically, means?
Focuses on multiplicity and variety
Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a _____ study.
Qualitative study
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing is
Quantitative data
The comparative method is:
Refers to the practice of comparing two or more cultures
An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize
Responsibilities toward the host country and the people being studied
An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as
The natural abilities of more civilized people to control less civilized people
A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution." true or false
True
Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument. true or false
True
There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly. true or false
True
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called
archaeology
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
biological anthropologybiological anthropology
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called
cultural anthropology
The method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is ____________________________.
ethnographic method
Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields. true or false
false
Historical archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provide an accurate description of the way the people actually lieved. true or false
false
The Human Terrain System, a program of the US military in Iraq and Afghanistan, used anthropologists to ______________________________.
help soldiers understand village politics and translate information.
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
linguistic anthropology
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally
study How our language evolved, how our mouths form words, and how indigenous people classify their social worlds
The practical use of anthropological knowledge to address real-world problems, sometimes called anthropology's "fifth field," is _________________________.
Applied anthropology
Diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference." True or false
true
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to (who):
the people or species they study