Chapter 1 Sociology
Theoretical Approach
a basic image of society that guides thinking and research
Macro-Level Orientation
a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole
Micro-Level Orientation
a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations
Structural-Functional Approach
a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
Social-Conflict Approach
a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
Symbolic-Interaction Approach
a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
Race-Conflict Approach
a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories
Gender-Conflict Approach
a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men
Theory
a statement of how and why specific facts are related
Positivism
a way of understanding based on science
The discipline of sociology first developed in a. countries experiencing rapid social change b. countries with little social change c. countries with a history of warfare d. the world's poorest countries
a. countries experiencing rapid social change
Which term refers to the recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern? a. manifest functions b. latent functions c. eufunctions d. dysfunctions
a. manifest functions
Social Structure
any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
Social Dysfunction
any social patter that may disrupt the operation of society
Which early sociologist studied patterns of suicide? a. Peter Berger b. Emile Durkheim c. Auguste Comte d. Karl Marx
b. Emile Durkheim
Which theoretical approach is closest to that taken by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim? a. the symbolic-interaction approach b. the structural-functional approach c. the social-conflict approach d. none of the above
b. the structural-functional approach
Which woman, among the first sociologists, studied the evils of slavery and also translated the writings of Auguste Comte? a. Elizabeth Cady Stanton b. Jane Addams c. Harriet Martineau d. Margaret Mead
c. Harriet Martineau
Sociology's social-conflict approach draws attention to a. how structure contributes to the overall operation of society b. how people construct meaning through interaction c. patterns of social inequality d. the stable aspects of society
c. patterns of social inequality
What does the sociological perspective tell us about whom any individual chooses to marry? a. There is no explaining personal feelings b. People's actions reflect human free will c. The operation of society guides many of our personal choices d. in the case of love, opposites attract
c. the operation of society guides many of our personal choices
Which early sociologist coined the term sociology in 1838? a. Karl Marx b. Herbert Spencer c. Adam Smith d. Auguste Comte
d. Auguste Comte
The personal value of sociology includes a. seeing the opportunities and constraints in our lives b. the fact that it is good preparation for a number of jobs c. being more active participants in society d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following illustrates a micro-level focus? a. the operation of the US political system b. patterns of global terrorism c. class inequality in the armed forces d. two new dormitory roommates getting to know one another
d. two new roommates getting to know one another
Auguste Comte
father of sociology
Sociological Perspective
seeing the general in the particular
Jane Addams
sociological pioneer; public activist
Feminism
support of social equality for women and men
Social Functions
the consequences of any social pettern for the operation of society as a whole
Manifest Functions
the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern
Global Perspective
the study of the world and our society's place in it
Sociology
the systematic study of human society
Latent Functions
the unintended and unrecognized consequences of any social pattern