Chapter 1 Sociology

Theoretical Approach

a basic image of society that guides thinking and research

Macro-Level Orientation

a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole

Micro-Level Orientation

a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations

Structural-Functional Approach

a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

Social-Conflict Approach

a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

Symbolic-Interaction Approach

a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals

Race-Conflict Approach

a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories

Gender-Conflict Approach

a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men

Theory

a statement of how and why specific facts are related

Positivism

a way of understanding based on science

The discipline of sociology first developed in a. countries experiencing rapid social change b. countries with little social change c. countries with a history of warfare d. the world's poorest countries

a. countries experiencing rapid social change

Which term refers to the recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern? a. manifest functions b. latent functions c. eufunctions d. dysfunctions

a. manifest functions

Social Structure

any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

Social Dysfunction

any social patter that may disrupt the operation of society

Which early sociologist studied patterns of suicide? a. Peter Berger b. Emile Durkheim c. Auguste Comte d. Karl Marx

b. Emile Durkheim

Which theoretical approach is closest to that taken by early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim? a. the symbolic-interaction approach b. the structural-functional approach c. the social-conflict approach d. none of the above

b. the structural-functional approach

Which woman, among the first sociologists, studied the evils of slavery and also translated the writings of Auguste Comte? a. Elizabeth Cady Stanton b. Jane Addams c. Harriet Martineau d. Margaret Mead

c. Harriet Martineau

Sociology's social-conflict approach draws attention to a. how structure contributes to the overall operation of society b. how people construct meaning through interaction c. patterns of social inequality d. the stable aspects of society

c. patterns of social inequality

What does the sociological perspective tell us about whom any individual chooses to marry? a. There is no explaining personal feelings b. People's actions reflect human free will c. The operation of society guides many of our personal choices d. in the case of love, opposites attract

c. the operation of society guides many of our personal choices

Which early sociologist coined the term sociology in 1838? a. Karl Marx b. Herbert Spencer c. Adam Smith d. Auguste Comte

d. Auguste Comte

The personal value of sociology includes a. seeing the opportunities and constraints in our lives b. the fact that it is good preparation for a number of jobs c. being more active participants in society d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following illustrates a micro-level focus? a. the operation of the US political system b. patterns of global terrorism c. class inequality in the armed forces d. two new dormitory roommates getting to know one another

d. two new roommates getting to know one another

Auguste Comte

father of sociology

Sociological Perspective

seeing the general in the particular

Jane Addams

sociological pioneer; public activist

Feminism

support of social equality for women and men

Social Functions

the consequences of any social pettern for the operation of society as a whole

Manifest Functions

the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

Global Perspective

the study of the world and our society's place in it

Sociology

the systematic study of human society

Latent Functions

the unintended and unrecognized consequences of any social pattern