Chapter 1: The Nature of Geology

Which of these approaches would be helpful strategies for observing landscapes?

-Compare different parts of the landscape to each other. -Focus on one geologic feature at a time. -Focus on one part of the landscape at a time. -Draw a sketch to capture main features.

Select the different types of information a geologist can infer from studying fossils and the rocks containing fossils.

-Past local and global environments -How long ago the particular life-form lived on Earth -How large the particular life-form was -How the life-form lived and died

Which of these features and processes from this photograph would you include in a concept sketch?

-The color of the rocks and lava -The erupting lava -The shape of the volcano

Which of the following are correct descriptions of the compositions of Earth's different internal layers?

-The oceanic crust is basaltic. -The higher density materials are concentrated in the core. -Olivine is representative of the mantle.

______ are geologic considerations when identifying physically safe places for human habitation.

-The strength of underlying geology -Faults in Earth's crust that can potentially cause earthquakes -The steepness of hillsides

Rock cycle based on Image

-Weathering & erosion -Transport -Deposition -Burial -Deformation -Uplift -Melting -Solidification

Understanding geology is important to everyday life because ______.

-it helps us make decisions regarding the environment -we rely on it for energy resources -we rely on it to locate raw materials for industry

Put the sentences in the correct order of how to construct a concept sketch with the first step on top. Position 1 of 3 Decide what to sketch. incorrect toggle button unavailable Decide what to sketch.

1) Make a list of what to discuss 2) Decide what to sketch 3) Annotate your sketch

Earth has ______ major concentric zones of material.

3

Which of these elements is not necessary for a concept sketch?

3-D drawing

Match the letter with the appropriate feature indicated on the image by the arrow: A

A bedding plane separating one bed of rock from another

What is the continental shelf?

A fringe of shallow seafloor surrounding the land

Match the layer of Earth with its representative composition: Oceanic crust

Basalt

Match the geologic feature with its best possible interpretation: Horizontal lines can be followed around the cliff

Bedding of sedimentary rock layers can be seen in the cliff.

Match the processes of the rock cycle with their definitions: Weathering

Breaking down of rocks either mechanically or chemically

Which type of crust is thicker?

Continental

Geology is the scientific study of ______.

Earth

Continental ice sheets were more common 28,000 years ago than they are today because ______.

Earth was cooler then than now

True or Fasle: The composition of the outer core is very different than the inner core.

False

True or false: Geologists exclusively study rocks.

False

True or false: Geology is not important to our modern way of life in the United States.

False

True or false: Only one strategy is employed by geologists to observe a landscape.

False

Which of the following is the primary control on the location of mineral resources?

Geology

Match the layer of Earth with its representative composition: Continental crust

Granite

Match the steps of how to construct a concept sketch with the correct descriptions: Decide what to sketch.

How general or detailed the sketch should been to explain your key ideas

This figure shows sites for forming rocks in hot or deep conditions. Drag each label to a position on the figure where that rock type could form. There are three possible sites for igneous rocks, two for metamorphic rocks, and one for hydrothermal rocks.

Igneous- volcano smoke, magma underneath volcano, and in lava Metamorphic- next to underground magma & deep underground w/ high levels of pressure Hydrothermal- in the hot water near the lava

Match the layer of Earth with its representative composition: Core

Iron and nickel

Which of these does not describe the purpose of a concept sketch?

It reports the results of detailed sampling and studies.

Match the steps of how to construct a concept sketch with the correct descriptions: Annotate your sketch.

Label important features and write sentences describing the relationships between features and processes

Which of the following rock cycle processes usually occurs at great depth, in the lower crust or the mantle?

Melting

Solar system planets in order

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Match the processes of the rock cycle with their definitions: Transportation

Moving pieces of rock by wind, ice, or water

Match the processes of the rock cycle with their definitions: Deposition

Occurs when the energy of the transported materials decreases

Match the layer of Earth with its representative composition: Mantle

Olivine

Match the processes of the rock cycle with their definitions: Lithification

Process of sediment turning into rock

Match the geologic feature with its best possible interpretation: Edges of some rock layers form cliffs, whereas others form slopes.

Rock layers have different resistances to weathering processes.

Match the letter with the appropriate feature indicated on the image by the arrow: C

Slope composed of loose rock material

Match the geologic feature with its best possible interpretation: A slope at the base of the cliff is composed of loose pieces of rock: Horizontal lines can be followed around the cliff

The main cliff has weathered, causing loose rock to fall to the bottom and accumulate.

Match the geologic feature with its best possible interpretation: Vertical cracks extend back into the rock

The rock has fractured and these breaks in the rock are cutting across layers.

True or false: When deciding whether a place is safe to live, proximity to geologic conditions such as steep hillsides, rivers, volcanoes, and faults needs to be considered.

True

Match the processes of the rock cycle with their definitions: Uplift

Upward movement of underground rocks to the surface

Match the letter with the appropriate feature indicated on the image by the arrow: B

Vertical fracture in the rock

Match the steps of how to construct a concept sketch with the correct descriptions: Make a list of what to discuss.

What observations, interpretations, and other aspects should be included

Match the important feature and process in this photograph that you would include in a concept sketch to their descriptions: The eruption of magma

You would draw a hot, fluid erupting out of the crater and flowing onto the surface.

Match the important feature and process in this photograph that you would include in a concept sketch to their descriptions: The shape of the volcano

You would draw a small, cone-shaped feature with a hole in the top.

Geologists attempting to locate metallic mineral resources such as copper and iron will first consider the _______ of the rock and how it formed.

age

The lithosphere consists of

both types of crust and the uppermost mantle

Twenty-eight thousand years ago, Earth was ___________ than it is today, and continental ice sheets covered large areas of land as a result. (Use just one word for your answer.)

colder

When infrared energy from the Sun is radiated back from Earth and trapped by Earth's atmosphere, resulting in warming conditions, we call this the___________ effect.

greenhouse

Radioactive decay in Earth, especially in Earth's crust, creates a tremendous amount of ___________

heat

The decay of radioactive elements such as uranium creates ______, especially in Earth's crust, where these elements are abundant.

heat

By looking at the image of this landscape, geologists can tell these rocks are formed by an explosive volcanic eruption. They are therefore classified as ______.

igneous

The greenhouse effect is the result of ______ that becomes trapped by Earth's atmosphere, causing Earth to be much warmer than it otherwise would be.

infrared energy

Molten rock (magma) on Earth's surface is called___________

lava

Earth's three major concentric zones are the crust, the ___________ , and the _____________.

mantle, core

Earth's three major concentric zones are the crust, the________ , and the________ .

mantle, core

The rigid portion of Earth composed of the crust and the uppermost part of the ____________ is ___________ the . (Use just one word for each blank.)

mantle, lithosphere

Multiple Choice Question Geology gives us an idea of the Blank______ of a given landscape.

past, present, and future

When rocks are broken down and worn away, they form loose materials of all sizes called____________

sediments

The feature shown in this image surrounding the land is called the continental_________

shelf

A region generally is higher than an adjacent region if ____________ than in the adjacent region.

the crust is thicker

The lithosphere is ______.

the rigid portion of Earth (crust and upper mantle)

Humans are able to pasture cattle and horses in the valley shown in this region because ______

the snow in mountains in the background provide water

With respect to thickness, the oceanic crust is __________ than the continental crust. (Use a single word for your answer.)

thinner

The snow covering the mountains in the distance is an important source of ________ for the grazing horses and cows in the grassy pasture below.

water