Chapter 1: What is psychology?

Behaviorism

Focus is on learning observable behaviors

Functionalism

Focus on adaptive behavior along with the mind

Who discovered the primacy and recency effects while pioneering the involvement of women in psychology? (part of Sociocultural perspective)

Mary Whiton Calkins

Structuralism

School of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements −Sensations −Feelings −Images

Which of the following is a goal of psychology?

To explain behavior and mental processes

Who founded structuralism?

Wilhelm Wundt

Who founded functionalism?

William James

According to the psychoanalytic approach, a good majority of what influences our behavior is ________. Correct!

an emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts

Applied research

designed to find solutions to specific problems

Juan loves watching crime dramas, and dreams of working to help determine whether defendants are competent for trial. What would be the best college major for Juan?

forensic psychology

Which perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow?

humanistic-existential

Which method allows psychologists and other scientists to observe behavior where it happens, or "in the field?"

naturalistic observation

industrial psychologists

relationships between people and work

Pure research

researcher is interested in the subject; no immediate application to problems

environmental psychologists

study ways people & environment influence one another

What do functionalists tend to ask?

"How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?

What are the steps of the scientific method?

1. Formulate a research question 2. State the hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis 4. Draw conclusions based on findings

Random sample

Each member of a population has an equal chance of selection

What does it mean to be a neoanyalsts? (Psychodynamic perspective)

Focus more on conscious choice and self-direction than unconscious processes

The Sociocultural Perspective

Focuses on the influence of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes

Which of the following perspectives stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making?

Humanism

Who founded behaviorism?

John B. Watson

Famous neoanalysts

Karen Horney and Erik Erikson

Charlie the Chimp saw that the bananas he wanted were out of his reach. He thought for a while and quickly realized he could stack boxes to reach them. Which researcher most likely set up this test of insight? (Sudden insight)

Kohler (Gestalt Psychology)

B. F. Skinner believed that?

Learned behavior = behavior that is reinforced

Psychoanalysis

Lives are governed by unconscious ideas and impulses

The Cognitive Perspective

Looks at mental processes to understand human nature• Combination of: Socrates's advice, Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt psychology

Who developed the theory of personality? (Psychoanalysis)

Sigmund Freud

Existentialism

Stresses on free choice and holds people responsible for the choices made

Stratified sample

Subgroups are represented proportionally

Which of the following statements is true of clinical psychologists?

They evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests.

Explain surveys

Used to collect information that cannot be observed directly or studied experimentally

What do structuralists tend to ask?

What are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?

organizational psychologists

behavior of people in business

counseling pyschologist

clients do NOT have a disorder, just adjument issues; use interviews and tests to determine problems

Olive took part in an experiment to determine at what point a person would intervene to stop a bully. After the experiment, researchers explained their methods to Olive as part of ________.

debriefing him

Breonna insists racism is only present if a person violently attacks someone of another race while spewing racial slurs, but Jacqueline believes that racism happens when someone supports policies that benefit one group over another. On which point and aspect of critical thinking do Breonna and Jacqueline disagree?

examine definitions of terms

experimental psychologists

focus on basic processes: nervous system, memory, etc.

educational psychologists

focus on education methods, not students

human factors psychologists

make technical systems more user friendly

If Yaquiline is interested in studying the psychology of sexual orientation, which field should they enter?

personality psychology

Explain case studies

−Gather information about individuals or small groups −Clinical studies Often used to examine rare situations or uncommon occurrences