Chapter 1: What is psychology?
Behaviorism
Focus is on learning observable behaviors
Functionalism
Focus on adaptive behavior along with the mind
Who discovered the primacy and recency effects while pioneering the involvement of women in psychology? (part of Sociocultural perspective)
Mary Whiton Calkins
Structuralism
School of psychology that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements −Sensations −Feelings −Images
Which of the following is a goal of psychology?
To explain behavior and mental processes
Who founded structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt
Who founded functionalism?
William James
According to the psychoanalytic approach, a good majority of what influences our behavior is ________. Correct!
an emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts
Applied research
designed to find solutions to specific problems
Juan loves watching crime dramas, and dreams of working to help determine whether defendants are competent for trial. What would be the best college major for Juan?
forensic psychology
Which perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow?
humanistic-existential
Which method allows psychologists and other scientists to observe behavior where it happens, or "in the field?"
naturalistic observation
industrial psychologists
relationships between people and work
Pure research
researcher is interested in the subject; no immediate application to problems
environmental psychologists
study ways people & environment influence one another
What do functionalists tend to ask?
"How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?
What are the steps of the scientific method?
1. Formulate a research question 2. State the hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis 4. Draw conclusions based on findings
Random sample
Each member of a population has an equal chance of selection
What does it mean to be a neoanyalsts? (Psychodynamic perspective)
Focus more on conscious choice and self-direction than unconscious processes
The Sociocultural Perspective
Focuses on the influence of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes
Which of the following perspectives stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making?
Humanism
Who founded behaviorism?
John B. Watson
Famous neoanalysts
Karen Horney and Erik Erikson
Charlie the Chimp saw that the bananas he wanted were out of his reach. He thought for a while and quickly realized he could stack boxes to reach them. Which researcher most likely set up this test of insight? (Sudden insight)
Kohler (Gestalt Psychology)
B. F. Skinner believed that?
Learned behavior = behavior that is reinforced
Psychoanalysis
Lives are governed by unconscious ideas and impulses
The Cognitive Perspective
Looks at mental processes to understand human nature• Combination of: Socrates's advice, Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt psychology
Who developed the theory of personality? (Psychoanalysis)
Sigmund Freud
Existentialism
Stresses on free choice and holds people responsible for the choices made
Stratified sample
Subgroups are represented proportionally
Which of the following statements is true of clinical psychologists?
They evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests.
Explain surveys
Used to collect information that cannot be observed directly or studied experimentally
What do structuralists tend to ask?
What are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?
organizational psychologists
behavior of people in business
counseling pyschologist
clients do NOT have a disorder, just adjument issues; use interviews and tests to determine problems
Olive took part in an experiment to determine at what point a person would intervene to stop a bully. After the experiment, researchers explained their methods to Olive as part of ________.
debriefing him
Breonna insists racism is only present if a person violently attacks someone of another race while spewing racial slurs, but Jacqueline believes that racism happens when someone supports policies that benefit one group over another. On which point and aspect of critical thinking do Breonna and Jacqueline disagree?
examine definitions of terms
experimental psychologists
focus on basic processes: nervous system, memory, etc.
educational psychologists
focus on education methods, not students
human factors psychologists
make technical systems more user friendly
If Yaquiline is interested in studying the psychology of sexual orientation, which field should they enter?
personality psychology
Explain case studies
−Gather information about individuals or small groups −Clinical studies Often used to examine rare situations or uncommon occurrences
