Chapter 10

As ___________ , vitamin C may help prevent diseases.

An antioxidant

Liver damage

Liver damage is a symptom of choline deficiency.

Compounds, like beta-carotene, that can be converted into active vitamins are known as

Precursors are substances that precede others, so, with regard to vitamins, precursors are compounds that can be converted into active vitamins. Precursors also are known as provitamins.

Can help prevent spina bifida and other neural tube defects

Folate

Can be made from the amino acid tryptophan

The B vitamin that can be made from the amino acid tryptophan is niacin.

To support metabolism

The recommended amount of vitamin C that will support metabolism is 30 mg/day.

_____-soluble vitamins are more likely to reach toxic levels in the body

Because fat-soluble vitamins tend to remain in fat-storage sites in the body rather than being excreted, they are more likely to reach toxic levels when consumed in excess. Water-soluble vitamins freely circulate in the water-filled compartments of the body, and the kidneys, monitoring the blood flowing through them, will detect and remove small excesses of water-soluble vitamins.

The rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used is known as

Bioavailability is the rate at and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body. The bioavailability of a vitamin depends on many factors, such as nutrient source, food preparation method, and previous nutrition intake and nutrition status.

Cracks and redness at corners of mouth

Cracks and redness at the corners of the mouth, a condition known as cheilosis, are symptoms of riboflavin deficiency. Other symptoms of riboflavin deficiency include sore throat and glossitis, a condition in which the tongue becomes painful, smooth, and purplish red.

The vitamin C deficiency disease is known as

Scurvy

Microcytic anemia

Microcytic anemia is a symptom of vitamin B6 deficiency. Other symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiencies include scaly dermatitis, depression, confusion and, in advanced deficiency, convulsions.

Which of these essential nutrients is commonly grouped with the B vitamins, even though it is not defined as a vitamin? a. biotin b. pantothenic acid c. cobalamin d. choline

d. choline

From which of these food groups do most people get their riboflavin? a. fruits and vegetables b. breakfast cereals c. meat and other protein d. milk and milk products

d. milk and milk products

Daily Value (for food and supplement labels)

The Daily Value on food and supplement labels is 90 mg/day.

A 35-year-old man consumed the following folate-containing foods for lunch: 2 slices fortified bread = 14 μg food folate, 48 μg synthetic folate 4 tablespoons peanut butter = 47 μg) food folate ½ cup carrot sticks = 12 μg food folate orange = 48 μg food folate 2 graham crackers = 5 μg food folate, 8 μg synthetic folate What percentage of his RDA for folate did his lunch provide? a. 20 b. 40 c. 55 d. 15

c. 55

Recommendation for female smokers Recommendation for mail smokers

The recommendation for female smokers is 110 mg/day and for male smokers 125 mg/day.

To meet UL for adults

The recommended amount of vitamin C that will meet the UL for adults is 2000 mg/day.

Which one of these steps can help minimize vitamin losses? a. Rinse fruits and vegetables before cutting, not after. b. Store fruits and vegetables uncovered. c. Keep fresh fruits and vegetables at room temperature. d. Avoid microwaving vegetables; boil instead.

a. Rinse fruits and vegetables before cutting, not after.

Which of these groups has an increased need for vitamin C? a. cigarette smokers b. older people c. marathoners d. teenagers

a. cigarette smokers

A person consumes the equivalent of 75 mg of tryptophan from protein alone. How many niacin equivalents does this represent? a. 75 b. 60 c. 1.50 d. 1.25

d. 1.25

Place these foods in order of their vitamin C content, from highest to lowest.

½ cup of raw red bell pepper provides more than 90 mg of vitamin C. 1 medium orange provides 70 mg of vitamin C. ½ cup of cooked broccoli provides about 58 mg of vitamin C. ¾ cup of tomato juice provides about 33 mg of vitamin C.

Degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis

Degeneration of the peripheral nerves leading to paralysis is a condition of vitamin B12 deficiency. Other symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency are macrocytic anemia, fatigue, sore tongue, loss of appetite and constipation.

Also known as vitamin B2

The B vitamin also known as vitamin B2 is riboflavin.

Requires intrinsic factor for absorption

The B vitamin that requires intrinsic factor—a stomach secretion—for absorption is vitamin B12.

Deficiency leads to condition known as beriberi

The B vitamin whose deficiency disease is known as beriberi is thiamin.