Chapter 10 AP human geography

Which of the following statements explains a weakness in Rostow's stages of economic growth model? (NS-SPS-7.E.1) A) The model is based on successive stages that countries must pass through independently until they reach high mass consumption without taking into account that countries are interdependent. B) The model is based on the premise that development in one place requires underdevelopment in another place. C) The model is based on the principle of initial advantage that highlights the importance of an early start in economic development for all countries in the world. D) The classification for a country pertains to the entire country with no condition for variation in the level of development within a country. E) The model is based on the permanent classification of countries into the core, semiperiphery, and periphery, and countries are unable to move up or down from one category to another.

A) The model is based on successive stages that countries must pass through independently until they reach high mass consumption without taking into account that countries are interdependent.

Which of the following explains a significant obstacle to sustainable development in more developed countries? (NS-IMP-7.A.1) A) The reliance on fossil energy sources for electric generation and vehicle fuel has depleted resources globally and contributed to atmospheric pollution in cities. B) Increased economic productivity in less developed countries has moved investment funding away from the development of new sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes. C) Low population growth in more developed countries has reduced the need for the development of additional sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes. D) The reliance on renewable energy for local electric generation and home heating creates significant risks, as alternative energy storage is more expensive than using fossil fuels E) High energy prices and low energy consumption have reduced the need for the development of additional sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes.

A) The reliance on fossil energy sources for electric generation and vehicle fuel has depleted resources globally and contributed to atmospheric pollution in cities.

Regional variation is an important concept to understand the differing levels of regional development within a country, a region, or on a global scale. A) True B) False

A) True

According to Rostow's development model, the process of development begins when A) an elite group supports investments in technology and infrastructure. B) banking institutions are sufficiently mature. C) take-off industries achieve technical advances. D) a high percentage of national wealth is allocated to nonproductive activities. E) workers become more skilled and specialized.

A) an elite group supports investments in technology and infrastructure.

The principal benefit of the self-sufficiency approach is the promotion of A) balanced growth of all economic sectors. B) global competitiveness for local industries. C) international trade. D) the maintenance of a large bureaucracy. E) unequal distribution of resources.

A) balanced growth of all economic sectors.

Which of the following has brought a large number of foreign visitors to Belize, Nepal, Ecuador, and Costa Rica? (NS-VI-C-7; D-1 and 2) A) ecotourism B) vacation cruises and adventurous expeditions C) back door offices D) casino gambling and resort locations E) offshore banking and financing

A) ecotourism

The productivity of workers is higher in more developed countries because they A) have access to more technology. B) work harder. C) understand their jobs better than workers in less developed countries. D) have a low amount of value added per person. E) are consistently better educated.

A) have access to more technology.

Development refers to: A) improvement in material conditions through knowledge and technology B) improvement in non-material conditions C) values and goods and services sold within a country and outside of a country D) increased value of the output of goods and services value of a product compared to the needed labor

A) improvement in material conditions through knowledge and technology

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of structural adjustment? (CHose 2) A) limiting external influence on internal government affairs B) investing scarce resources where they will have the most impact C) diverting investment from military spending to social services D) reforming government to increase transparency and accountability E) encouraging a more productive and efficient private sector

A) limiting external influence on internal government affairs E) encouraging a more productive and efficient private sector

In less developed countries, consumer goods such as cell phones, televisions, and motor vehicles are: A) owned by a minority of the people. B) available for sharing by a large number of people. C) unknown and unfamiliar to most people. D) essential to rural life and urban life. E) available only through local manufacture.

A) owned by a minority of the people.

For which indicator has the gap between developed and developing widened since 1980? A) per capita gross national income (GNI) B) food security C) life expectancy D) human development index (HDI) E) mean years of education

A) per capita gross national income (GNI)

The early stages of the core-periphery model describe the: (NS-SPS-7-B-2 & PSO-7-8-6) A) relationship of power and the transfer of resources from less developed to more developed areas B) relationship between the underlying structure of a society and its outward expressions C) relationship between the underlying structure of a society and its outward expressions D) ways that suburban workers commute to urban workplaces E) social and cultural differences between urban and rural people

A) relationship of power and the transfer of resources from less developed to more developed areas

In contrast to the World Bank's funding of projects, the IMF A) seeks to stabilize currencies and help re-pay loans. B)stimulates trade in countries once they prove they are out of debt. C)gives loans to countries based on population size. D) provides loans primarily to non-governmental organizations. E) gives small loans directly to small business start-ups.

A) seeks to stabilize currencies and help re-pay loans.

Per capita GDP or GNI is a good indicator of all BUT which of the following? A) the distribution of overall wealth within a country B) the number of countries below the poverty level C) the approximate level of material well being in a country D) the spatial distribution of global wealth E) the number of multinational headquarters in a country

A) the distribution of overall wealth within a country

The most significant problem faced by less developed countries in financing development is: A) Confrontation with more developed countries. B) Inability to repay loans. C) Currency inflation D) Identifying unique economic assets. E) Promoting self-sufficiency.

B) Inability to repay loans.

Technology transfer is a goal of many development projects because: (NS-VI-C-7;D-1) A) It makes developing countries more dependent on core countries for their technology. B) It lessens the technology gap between developed and developing countries, allowing to later to increase development. C) People in developing countries have little need for higher level technology. D) Due to lack of education, people in developing countries do no know how to use high level technology. E) It aids large communication corporations to expand their network worldwide.

B) It lessens the technology gap between developed and developing countries, allowing to later to increase development.

A stimulus strategy is introduced by governments to A) ensure stock prices do not collapse. B) counter negative conditions of economic downturns. C) provide health benefits to all citizens. D) promote research and development. E) provide education funds in developed countries.

B) counter negative conditions of economic downturns.

When a developing country borrows money, it is part of a long-term strategy to A) increase dependency on developed countries. B) expand the economy through investment in infrastructure. C) increase debt as a percentage of gross national income. D) limit foreign investment through development of local businesses. E) eliminate debt before investing in new projects.

B) expand the economy through investment in infrastructure.

Since 1990, most developed and developing countries have seen a decline in previous patterns of A) economic inequality. B) gender inequality. C) gender dynamics. D) gender equality. E) income inequality.

B) gender inequality

Compared to less developed countries, more developed countries have higher rates of A) environmental pollution. B) literacy. C) childhood mortality. D) illiteracy. E) infectious disease.

B) literacy.

The core regions of North American, Western European, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and South Korea are the world's leading provider of all BUT which of the following? A) entertainment and leisure activities B) low secondary work sector jobs C) financial and management services D) transnational corporations E) sports and entertainment

B) low secondary work sector jobs

Compared to less developed countries, more developed countries have higher rates of all BUT which of these educational characteristics (Access to Knowledge)? A) higher teachers per pupil ratio B) percentage of GDP or GNI spent on education C) number of years attending school. D) literacy rate E) spending per student

B) percentage of GDP or GNI spent on education

If the IHDI is less than the HDI, this indicates A) the levels of inequality are equal to the global average. B) there are higher levels of inequality in that country than elsewhere in the world. C) there are lower levels of inequality in that country than elsewhere in the world. D) the HDI is really a function of the IHDI so this condition is impossible.

B) there are higher levels of inequality in that country than elsewhere in the world.

The most significant problem in promoting development through the international trade approach and the neoliberal development theory is: A) increased demand for many goods. B) unequal distribution of natural resources. C) increased price of petroleum. D) regional cooperation. E) consumer demand expanding faster than manufacturing can increase.

B) unequal distribution of natural resources.

Differences in life expectancy between developed and developing countries is due to all of the following EXCEPT A) possible medical mistakes due to lack of education in developing countries. B) welfare services for the poor or disabled in developing countries. C) resources spent on health care in developed countries. D) infant mortality rates that are higher in developing countries.

B) welfare services for the poor or disabled in developing countries.

According to the Measuring of Happiness table: A) The happiest countries are all in Scandinavia and other cold climates B) As standards of living rises (Including cultural factors), happiness increases C) Citizens in developed countries are happier than people in developing countries. D) A country's happiness correlates to the wealth of its citizens. The least happy countries are all in Sub-Saharan Africa.

C) Citizens in developed countries are happier than people in developing countries.

Which of the following is NOT an indicator of global gender inequality? A) Women have much lower incomes than men in developing countries. B) Female literacy is much lower than that of males in sub-Saharan Africa. C) Female life expectancy is less than that of males in every country of the world. D) Women hold fewer than one-fourth of managerial jobs in developing countries. E) Women on average have only two-thirds of the income of men in developed countries.

C) Female life expectancy is less than that of males in every country of the world.

According to the Core=Periphery Model: A) Core countries would lessen their exploitation of periphery countries as they developed B) LDC's would be self-sufficient with social and economic programs C) LDC's and MDC's would develop through core countries D) providing a trickle down economic effect E) Periphery countries would developed faster through reverse exploitation

C) LDC's and MDC's would develop through core countries

Which of the following statements about gender empowerment is TRUE? A) The United States constitutionally restricts women from holding the office of President. B) In the United States, boys are more likely to complete high school than girls. C) Representation of women in elected positions is higher in Canada than the United States. D) The United States has equal representation of women in the House but not in the Senate. E) No developed country has elected a woman as President or Prime Minister.

C) Representation of women in elected positions is higher in Canada than the United States.

Which of the following explains a limitation of the three-tiered structure of Wallerstein's world systems theory? (NS-SPS-7.E.1 A) The model does not provide for countries outside of the core to accomplish any of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. B) The scale of the model does not pertain to individual countries but rather to regions in the global contexts of core, semiperiphery, and periphery. C) The model locks most countries into the development model of core, semiperiphery, and periphery with little opportunity for peripheral economies to advance into the wealthy core. D) The three-tiered system of the model cannot be mapped; therefore, the model has no spatial application. E) Individual countries can score higher on certain indicators of development and lower on other indicators as they shift from the periphery to the core.

C) The model locks most countries into the development model of core, semiperiphery, and periphery with little opportunity for peripheral economies to advance into the wealthy core.

Which would NOT be a goal of fair trade producer standards? A) raise incomes of small-scale farmers B) increase entrepreneurial skills C) increase the role of individual governments in management of the businesses D) distribute profit and risk more equitably across the production chain E) promote safe and sustainable agriculture and working conditions

C) increase the role of individual governments in management of the businesses

An example of a primary sector activity is: A) lawyer B) banking C) mining copper D) education. E) clothing sales

C) mining copper

Which of the following statements accurately compares a difference between the Human Development Index (HDI) and Gender Inequality Index (GII) as shown in the table? A) Although HDI and GII indicators are measured on a scale of 0 to 1, a high HDI score should indicate a high GII score. B) Although women workers are often paid less than their male counterparts, GII scores can remain high. C) In most countries women's life expectancy is higher than men's, which improves gender equality. D) Although there are more women in the wage labor force, females do not necessarily have the same level of empowerment as men. E) High numbers of women working in education and health care directly result in a higher GII score.

D) Although there are more women in the wage labor force, females do not necessarily have the same level of empowerment as men.

The more developed regions include all BUT which of the following? A) North America B) United Arab of Emirates C) Australia and New Zealand D) East Asia E) Western Europe

D) East Asia

Based on the data in the table, which of the following statements is accurate? (NS-SPS-7.C.2.3.F) A) Gender equality is closely tied to cultural norms and not affected by economic conditions. B) The HDI and GII are directly related; as one increases so does the other. C) As economic development increases, the percent of women in the workforce increases. D) Increased levels of economic development often conceal gender inequities. E) Since the GII is one component of HDI, HDI always increases with GII.

D) Increased levels of economic development often conceal gender inequities.

Which of the following variables has an inverse or negative relationship to the level of economic development in a country? A) percentage of labor in quaternary sector employment B) percentage of people in urban areas C) percentage of labor in tertiary sector employment D) adolescent birth/fertility rate E) literacy rate of the entire country

D) adolescent birth/fertility rate

The major purpose of austerity programs is to A) support cuts in private industry payroll. B) eliminate labor unions. C) place new taxes on water and electricity. D) cut government spending on welfare benefits. E) introduce furlough days in private firms.

D) cut government spending on welfare benefits.

Which development factor accounts for adolescent fertility rates in the United States being higher than those of other developed countries? A) lack of affordable health care in most states B) fewer women elected to congress than in other developed countries C) the lack of access to public education for low-income women D) limited economic opportunities for minority young women E) regional variation of income inequality

D) limited economic opportunities for minority young women

Use Figure 10-6 to answer the question. In terms of the Gender Inequality Index, most African countries have A) rates that exceed the United States and Western Europe because of African investment in higher learning. B) rates that are greater than most of Latin America but lower than Europe. C) rates higher than those in India. D) rates below the United States and Western Europe. E) consistently low rates throughout the entire continent.

D) rates below the United States and Western Europe.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is based on indicators of A) fair trade, sustainability, and education. B) low debt, education, and health. C) education, health, and democracy. D) standard of living, education, and health. E) standard of living, environmental health, and democracy.

D) standard of living, education, and health.

Which statement CORRECTLY describes inequality within the countries of Turkey and Brazil? A) Regional variations in GDP reveal the cause of some inequality within both countries. B) Data shown at the provincial level reveals little about regional variations in inequality. C) Equality in both countries exists at multiple scales, such as between city neighborhoods. D) Both countries have similar HDI and IHDI scores. E) Brazil's lower IHDI reveals a greater level of inequality than within Turkey.

E) Brazil's lower IHDI reveals a greater level of inequality than within Turkey.

Which is NOT a characteristic of the fair trade movement? A) Developing countries institute standards to protect workers. B) Fair Trade business practices increase entrepreneurial and managerial skills of producers. C) Cooperatives benefit local farmers and artisans, rather than absentee corporate owners. D) Employers must pay fair wages and comply with environmental and safety standards. E) Protection of workers' rights by multinational corporations.

E) Protection of workers' rights by multinational corporations.

Which statement is TRUE about the nine development regions? A) Japan and Korea are included in calculated HDI for the East Asia region. B) The highest levels of development are found in Europe. C) Most of the world's countries cluster in the lowest development category. D) The classification of Russia is consistent from year to year. E) The world is divided into two developed and seven developing regions.

E) The world is divided into two developed and seven developing regions.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is defined as the investment in the economy of another country by A) a foreign government. B) the World Bank. C) the International Monetary Fund. D) a non-government organization. E) a foreign company.

E) a foreign company.

In recent years, countries such as India, Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia have: (NS-VI-C-2-7) A) raised taxes on imports and reject the modernization of development mode B) required licenses for importers. C) returned to traditional agricultural methods. D) embraced the self-sufficiency approach and the core/periphery development theory. E) embraced the international trade model and neoliberalism theory of development.

E) embraced the international trade model and neoliberalism theory of development.

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) combines which three measures to derive a composite score? A) empowerment, reproductive health, and school years completed B) literacy rate, empowerment, and reproductive health C) employment, school years completed, and voting history D) employment, reproductive health, and literacy rate E) empowerment, employment, and reproductive health

E) empowerment, employment, and reproductive health

Which of the following is NOT a reason why many countries rejected the self-sufficiency approach? A) inefficiency due to lack of competition B) lack of innovation C) sale of goods on the black market D) corruption within licensing agencies E) lower prices due to competition from other counties

E) lower prices due to competition from other counties

Which factors have contributed to the success of the "four dragons?" A) abundant farmland, developed ports, and low tariffs B) mechanized farming, self-sufficiency, large cities C) natural resources, access to markets, and subsidies D) colonialism, location, and investment E) manufacturing, abundant labor, low export prices

E) manufacturing, abundant labor, low export prices

Similar to the country of China, which of the following is NOT a likely result of a country's concentration on international trade? A) benefits from exposure to demand in other countries B) projection that competition will introduce higher quality products C) promotion of domestic development D) benefits from sale of natural resources at a fair market price E) support for political and economic equity

E) support for political and economic equity

Processing of computer information is an example of which part of the economy? A) resource extraction B) primary and secondary C) primary D) manufacturing E) tertiary

E) tertiary