Chapter 10 Learnsmart

The principle of motion economy was developed by:

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Job Enrichment Theory is based on the higher level motivators of which theorists?

Frederick Herzberg and Abraham Maslow

Generation X

Grew up with both parents working, seeks work-life balance, values career security.

Generation Y (Millennial)

Grew up with indulgent parents, technological savvy, values frequent positive feedback.

Autonomy

The degree of freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling work and determining procedures.

Task Significance

The degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of others in the company.

Task Identity

The degree to which the job requires doing a task with a visible outcome from beginning to end.

Skill Variety

The extent to which a job demands different skills.

Hawthorne effect

The tendency of people to behave differently when they know they are being studied

Drucker's Goal-setting Theory

Motivation is the basis for management by objectives

Frederick Taylor wrote:

The principles of scientific management

Feedback

The amount of direct and clear information given about job performance.

Management by objectives (MBO)

cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees. It calls on managers to formulate goals in cooperation with everyone in the organization, to commit employees to those goals, and to monitor results and reward accomplishments.

The basis of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is that motivation and effort is affected by:

expectations of achieving a desirable outcome.

Maslow's hierarchy: self-actualization

feeling that one's full potential has been attained

Creating an upbeat, relaxed company culture helps small business motivate their workers instead of using _________ incentives.

financial

Maslow's hierarchy: psysiological

food, shelter, clothing

Job factors that cause employees to be dissatisfied when absent, but do not lead to motivation are called ________ __________

hygiene factors

Management by objectives works best:

in stable situations

Maslow's hierarchy: safety

job security

According to Herzberg, interest in the work itself is a(n) ______________.

motivator

Maslow's hierarchy: esteem

recognition from the boss

Taylor's methods such as _______-________ studies are still used today at United Parcel Service.

time-motion

Type J Management

Consensual Decision Making, Implicit Controls

Baby Boomer

Grew up in prosperity, one parent working, values job security

Theory Z

Attempt to blend Types J and A of management

Type A Management

Individual Responsibility, Explicit Controls

Equity Theory:

Looks at how employees' perceptions of fairness affect their willingness to perform. Equity Theory States that employees: 1. Try to maintain equity between what they put into a job and what they get out of it. 2. Compare their inputs and outputs to those of others in similar positions. 3. perceptions of fairness affect motivation.

Key to understanding expectancy theory is that:

expectations vary from person to person

Maslow's hierarchy: social

group acceptance at work

Herzberg studied job-related factors as they relate to ___________.

motivation

Small businesses can motivate employees by:

1. telling them their work is appreciated 2. offering flexible schedules 3. giving employees small equity stakes

According to Vroom's expectancy theory, an employee ask which of the following questions before committing maximum effort to a task?

1. Is the reward worth the effort? 2. Can I accomplish the tesk? 3. If I accomplish the task, what is the reward?

Examples of factors that contribute to increased worker productivity during the Hawthorne Studies:

1. Workers involvement in managerial decisions 2. Social group membership and informality 3. Management respect and interaction

Taylor's view of management:

1. Workers would be motivated by higher levels of pay 2. People were viewed as machines that could be programmed to be more productive. 3. There was little concern for the human or psychological aspects of work.

Managers can work to improve perceptions of equity by:

1. clarifying the results that are expected from an employee. 2. communicating as clearly as possible. 3. clarifying expected outcomes from goals that are achieved.

Responsibilities of a manager implementing MBO include:

1. formulate goals in a corporation with everyone in the organization 2. To commit employees to those goals 3. Monitor results 4. Reward accomplishments

The responsibilities of a manager implementing MBO include:

1. rewarding employee accomplishments 2. setting goals with the employee

Goal of Taylor's scientific management

benefit the worker and firm and increase worker productivity