Chapter 10 Learnsmart
The principle of motion economy was developed by:
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
Job Enrichment Theory is based on the higher level motivators of which theorists?
Frederick Herzberg and Abraham Maslow
Generation X
Grew up with both parents working, seeks work-life balance, values career security.
Generation Y (Millennial)
Grew up with indulgent parents, technological savvy, values frequent positive feedback.
Autonomy
The degree of freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling work and determining procedures.
Task Significance
The degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of others in the company.
Task Identity
The degree to which the job requires doing a task with a visible outcome from beginning to end.
Skill Variety
The extent to which a job demands different skills.
Hawthorne effect
The tendency of people to behave differently when they know they are being studied
Drucker's Goal-setting Theory
Motivation is the basis for management by objectives
Frederick Taylor wrote:
The principles of scientific management
Feedback
The amount of direct and clear information given about job performance.
Management by objectives (MBO)
cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees. It calls on managers to formulate goals in cooperation with everyone in the organization, to commit employees to those goals, and to monitor results and reward accomplishments.
The basis of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory is that motivation and effort is affected by:
expectations of achieving a desirable outcome.
Maslow's hierarchy: self-actualization
feeling that one's full potential has been attained
Creating an upbeat, relaxed company culture helps small business motivate their workers instead of using _________ incentives.
financial
Maslow's hierarchy: psysiological
food, shelter, clothing
Job factors that cause employees to be dissatisfied when absent, but do not lead to motivation are called ________ __________
hygiene factors
Management by objectives works best:
in stable situations
Maslow's hierarchy: safety
job security
According to Herzberg, interest in the work itself is a(n) ______________.
motivator
Maslow's hierarchy: esteem
recognition from the boss
Taylor's methods such as _______-________ studies are still used today at United Parcel Service.
time-motion
Type J Management
Consensual Decision Making, Implicit Controls
Baby Boomer
Grew up in prosperity, one parent working, values job security
Theory Z
Attempt to blend Types J and A of management
Type A Management
Individual Responsibility, Explicit Controls
Equity Theory:
Looks at how employees' perceptions of fairness affect their willingness to perform. Equity Theory States that employees: 1. Try to maintain equity between what they put into a job and what they get out of it. 2. Compare their inputs and outputs to those of others in similar positions. 3. perceptions of fairness affect motivation.
Key to understanding expectancy theory is that:
expectations vary from person to person
Maslow's hierarchy: social
group acceptance at work
Herzberg studied job-related factors as they relate to ___________.
motivation
Small businesses can motivate employees by:
1. telling them their work is appreciated 2. offering flexible schedules 3. giving employees small equity stakes
According to Vroom's expectancy theory, an employee ask which of the following questions before committing maximum effort to a task?
1. Is the reward worth the effort? 2. Can I accomplish the tesk? 3. If I accomplish the task, what is the reward?
Examples of factors that contribute to increased worker productivity during the Hawthorne Studies:
1. Workers involvement in managerial decisions 2. Social group membership and informality 3. Management respect and interaction
Taylor's view of management:
1. Workers would be motivated by higher levels of pay 2. People were viewed as machines that could be programmed to be more productive. 3. There was little concern for the human or psychological aspects of work.
Managers can work to improve perceptions of equity by:
1. clarifying the results that are expected from an employee. 2. communicating as clearly as possible. 3. clarifying expected outcomes from goals that are achieved.
Responsibilities of a manager implementing MBO include:
1. formulate goals in a corporation with everyone in the organization 2. To commit employees to those goals 3. Monitor results 4. Reward accomplishments
The responsibilities of a manager implementing MBO include:
1. rewarding employee accomplishments 2. setting goals with the employee
Goal of Taylor's scientific management
benefit the worker and firm and increase worker productivity