Chapter 10: Organic Chemistry

What is a hydroxyl group?

An -OH group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom

What does the symbol "R" stand for in the general formula of an alcohol?

"R" in the general formula of an alcohol indicates either a hydrogen or another carbon group.

What is a carbonyl group and what two functional groups does it belong to?

1. A carbonyl group is a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen. 2. Carbonyl groups are present in aldehydes and ketones.

What are the 6 common functional groups in organic chemistry?

1. Alcohol 2. Amine 3. Aldehyde 4. Ketone 5. Carboxylic acid 6. Ester

1. What element(s) must be present in order for a compound to be organic? 2. What other elements are typically present in an organic compound?

1. Carbon must be present in order for a compound to be organic. 2. Organic compounds typically involve the chemistry of carbon and: Hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Many also contain sulfur, phosphorus, and a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine).

Explain the Lewis structure of bonding

1. Determine the number of valence electrons in the molecule 2. Determine the connectivity of the atoms (which atoms are bonded to each other) and connect bonded atoms by single bonds. 3. Arrange the remaining electrons so that each atom has a complete outer shell. A pair of electrons involved in a covalent bond is shown as a single line; an unshared pair of electrons is shown as a pair of Lewis dots. 4. In a double bond, two atoms share two pairs of electrons. We represent a double bond by two lines between the bonded atoms. Double bonds are most common between atoms of C, N, O, and S. 5. In a triple bond, two atoms share three pairs of electrons. We show a triple bond by three lines between bonded atoms. Triple bonds are most common between atoms of C and N.

What are two ways we obtain organic compounds?

1. Isolation from nature . Living organisms make organic compounds through biosynthesis. 2. Synthesis in laboratories

What is a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol?

Alcohols are classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°), depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon bearing the -OH group.

What is a carboxyl group?

A -COOH group (carboxyl: carbonyl + hydroxyl)

What is an ALDEHYDE?

A compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen; a -CHO group. In a condensed structural formula, the aldehyde group may be written showing the carbon-oxygen double bond as CH[double bond]O or, alternatively, it may be written -CHO.

What is a KETONE?

A compound containing a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon groups.

What is a CARBOXYLIC ACID?

A compound containing a carboxyl (-COOH) group. . In a condensed structural formula, a carboxyl group may also be written -CO2H.

What is an ALCOHOL?

A compound containing an -OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom (a carbon bonded to four atoms).

What is a CARBOXYLIC ESTER (ESTER)?

A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the H of the carboxyl group is replaced by a carbon group. The ester group is written -COOR or -CO2R.

What bonds do halogens typically make?

A halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of electrons.

How do we write structural formulas of organic compounds?

A structural formula shows all the atoms present in a molecule as well as the bonds that connect the atoms to each other. They do not show unshared pairs of electrons as in the Lewis structure.

Why is it important to study organic chemistry?

A. The sheer number of organic compounds • Chemists have discovered or made over 10 million organic compounds and an estimated 100,000 new ones are discovered or made each year. • By comparison, chemists have discovered or made an estimated 1.7 million inorganic compounds. • Thus, approximately 85% of all known compounds are organic. B. The link to biochemistry • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, hormones, vitamins, and almost all other chemicals in living systems are organic compounds.

What is a functional group?

An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical behaviors

What is an AMINE?

An organic compound in which one, two, or three hydrogens of ammonia are replaced by carbon groups; RNH2, R2NH, or R3N

What bonds do carbon atoms typically make?

Carbon normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.

How many organic compounds have been discovered or synthesized by scientists?

Chemists have discovered or synthesized over 10 million carbon compounds. An estimated 10,000 new ones are reported each year.

VSEPR Tetrahedral

Four regions of electron density around central atom, no lone (unshared) pairs Angle is 109.5 degrees

Why are functional groups useful?

Functional groups: 1. Are sites of predictable chemical behavior—a particular functional group, in whatever compound it is found, undergoes the same types of chemical reactions. 2. Determine in large measure the physical properties of a compound. 3. Serve as the units by which we classify organic compounds into families. 4. Serve as a basis for naming organic compounds.

Explain Friedrich Wohler's experiment

He was the first to create an organic compound from two inorganic compounds. He heated an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride and silver cyanate (both from nonliving matter) and created urea (found in living organisms). This disproved the doctrine of vital force (that organic compounds only come from living organisms, inorganic only from nonliving matter).

What bonds do hydrogen atoms typically make?

Hydrogen forms one covalent bond and has no unshared pairs of electrons.

What is a condensed structural formula?

In a condensed structural formula, CH3 indicates a carbon bonded to three hydrogens, CH2 indicates a carbon bonded to two hydrogens, and CH indicates a carbon bonded to one hydrogen. Unshared pairs of electrons are generally not shown in condensed structural formulas.

What is a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine?

In a primary (1°) amine, nitro- gen is bonded to two hydrogens and one carbon group. In a secondary (2°) amine, it is bonded to one hydrogen and two carbon groups. In a tertiary (3°) amine, it is bonded to three carbon groups.

Are organic compounds found in nature chemically or structurally different from those synthesized in a lab?

Methods for synthesizing organic compounds have become so sophisticated there are only a few natural organic compounds that chemists cannot synthesize in the laboratory.

What bonds do nitrogen atoms typically make?

Nitrogen normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons.

Describe differences in properties of organic compounds versus in organic compounds

Organic compounds have mostly covalent bonds; in organic compounds have mostly ionic bonds. Many organic compounds are gases, liquids, or solids with low melting points (less than 360C); most inorganic compounds are solids with high melting points. Most organic compounds are INSOLUBLE in water; many inorganic compounds are SOLUBLE in water. Most organic compounds are SOLUBLE in organic solvents; almost all inorganic compounds are INSOLUBLE in organic solvents. Aqueous ORGANIC solutions do NOT conduct electricity; aqueous INORGANIC solutions form ions that DO conduct electricity. Almost all organic compounds decompose and burn; very few inorganic compounds decompose and burn. ORGANIC reactions are normally slow; INORGANIC reactions are often very fast.

What bonds do oxygen atoms typically make?

Oxygen normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pairs of electrons.

What is organic chemistry?

The chemistry of the compounds of carbon

What is an amino group?

The functional group of an amine. A nitrogen atom bonded to one, two, or three carbon atoms.

What is another way of writing a condensed structural formula for secondary and tertiary amines?

The second and third structural formulas can be written in a more abbreviated form by collecting the CH3 groups and writing them as (CH3)2NH and (CH3)3N, respectively.

VSEPR Trigonal pyramidal

Three bonding pairs around central atom, one lone (unshared) pair Angle is approximately 107.5 degrees

VSEPR Trigonal Planar

Three regions of electron density around central atom, no lone (unshared) pairs. Angle is 120 degrees

VSEPR Bent

Two bonding pairs around central atom, one lone (unshared) pair. Angle is approximately 105 degrees

VSEPR Linear

Two bonding pairs, no lone (unshared) pairs Angle is 180 degrees