Chapter 10 Personality Psychology

According to Carl Rogers, _____ can occur suddenly, or it can take place gradually over a long period of time.

disorganization

In a state of _____, people sometimes behave consistently with their organismic experience and sometimes in accordance with their shattered self-concept.

disorganization

According to Carl Rogers, the two chief defenses are _____ and _____.

distortion; denial

According to Carl Rogers, psychological disequilibrium begins when people _____.

do not accurately symbolize organismic experiences into awareness

Accurately Symbolizes Awareness- Distorted awareness-

Experiences that are both nonthreatening and consistent with the existing self-concept Experiences that are reshaped so that it can be assimilated into the existing self-concept

True or false: According to Carl Rogers, as clients perceive that they are sympathetically understood, they are less likely to listen to themselves more accurately or have sympathy for their own feelings.

False

Which of the following statements is true about Carl Rogers' person-centered theory?

It is rated average on its ability to spark research within the general field of personality.

Identify a true statement about the evaluation of Carl Rogers' person-centered theory.

It lends itself to either confirmation or disconfirmation.

Carl Rogers believed that all individuals have an ___________ ___________ __________________

OVP

The _____ begins with a universe of 100 self-referent statements printed on 3-by-5 cards, which participants are requested to sort into nine piles from "most like me" to "least like me."

Q sort technique

True or false: According to Carl Rogers, as clients perceive that they are sympathetically understood, they are less likely to listen to themselves more accurately or have sympathy for their own feelings.

Q sort technique

According to Carl Rogers, _____ are experienced as awareness of an incongruence between the self-concept and the organismic experience is gained.

anxiety and threat

Research at the University of Chicago Counseling Center was built around the basic _____ hypothesis, which states that all persons have within themselves the capacity for self-understanding as well as the capacity and tendency to move in the direction of self-actualization and maturity.

client-centered

Carl Rogers is best known as the founder of _____, but he developed a humanistic theory of personality that grew out of his experiences as a practicing psychotherapist.

client-centered therapy

Carl Rogers believed that the most basic outcome of successful client-centered therapy is a _____ client.

congruent

Carl Rogers believed that the first necessary and sufficient condition for therapeutic change is a _____.

congruent therapist

In describing a formative tendency, Carl Rogers believed that for the entire universe a, _____, rather than a disintegrative one, is in operation.

creative process

When the need to be liked, prized, or accepted by another person exists without any conditions or qualifications, ___________ ___________ ____________ occurs.

unconditional positive regard

In the context of Carl Rogers' process of therapy, Stage 1 of therapeutic change is characterized by clients' _____.

unwillingness to communicate anything about themselves

According to Carl Rogers, the greater the incongruence between an individual's perceived self and an individual's organismic experience, the more _____ he or she is.

vulnerable

Carl Rogers believed that people are _____ when they are unaware of the discrepancy between their organismic self and their significant experience.

vulnerable

According to Carl Rogers, once clients reach Stage 6 of therapeutic change, they _____.

experience an irreversible movement toward becoming fully functioning or self-actualizing

Like many personality theorists, Carl Rogers built his theory on the scaffold provided by _____.

experiences as a therapist

According to Carl Rogers, _____, whether positive or negative, do not foster psychological health but, rather, prevent people from being completely open to their own experiences.

external evaluations

According to Carl Rogers, our perceptions of other people's view of us are called _____.

external evaluations

According to Carl Rogers, the term _____ refers to a tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.

formative tendency

An area of research where Carl Rogers's ideas continue to be influential is _____.

goal pursuit

According to Carl Rogers, the need for _____ includes such basic needs as food, air, and safety; but it also includes the tendency to resist change and to seek the status quo.

maintenance

According to Carl Rogers, the conservative nature of _____ is expressed in people's desire to protect their current, comfortable self-concept.

maintenance needs

According to Carl Rogers, the self-concept is not identical with the _____.

organismic self

Carl Rogers defined _____ as a natural instinct directing an individual toward the most fulfilling pursuits.

organismic valuing process OVP

The term " ________ - ________ " is used to refer to Rogerian personality theory.

person centered

With regard to the therapy groups, researchers found that the group showed less discrepancy between _____ after therapy than before.

self and ideal self

According to Carl Rogers, _____ is the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness.

self-actualization

Carl Rogers believed that _____ is a subset of the actualization tendency and is therefore not synonymous with it.

self-actualization

According to Carl Rogers, in the case of certain people, even compliments that are genuinely dispensed, seldom have a positive influence on the _____ of the recipient.

self-concept

According to Carl Rogers, the _____________ includes all those aspects of one's being and one's experiences that are perceived in awareness by an individual.

self-concept

Carl Rogers hypothesized that during therapy, clients would assimilate into their _____ those feelings and experiences previously denied to awareness.

self-concepts

E. Tory Higgins developed a version of Carl Rogers's theory known as the _____ that continues to be influential in personality and social psychological research.

self-discrepancy theory

The _____ argues not only for the real self-ideal self discrepancy but also for real self-ought self discrepancy.

self-discrepancy theory

According to Carl Rogers, science begins and ends with the _____, although everything in between must be objective and empirical.

subjective experience

Carl Rogers believed that scientists must have many of the characteristics of _____; that is, they must be inclined to look within, to be in tune with internal feelings and values, and to be intuitive and creative, etc.

the person of tomorrow

Identify a characteristic of persons of tomorrow according to Carl Rogers

They are confident of their ability to experience harmonious relations with others.

According to Carl Rogers, which of the following statements is true of persons of tomorrow?

They realize that conformity to a fixed condition has little long-term survival value.

According to Carl Rogers, a second basic assumption of the person-centered theory is the _____.

actualizing tendency

According to Carl Rogers, the _____ refers to the tendency within all humans to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials.

actualizing tendency

Carl Rogers defined _____ as a state of uneasiness or tension whose cause is unknown.

anxiety

According to Carl Rogers, without _____ the self-concept and the ideal self would not exist.

awareness

Carl Rogers defined _____ as the symbolic representation of some portion of an individual's experience.

awareness

According to Carl Rogers, a ________ __________ _________ arises when the positive regard of a significant other is conditional, when an individual feels that in some respects he or she is prized and in others not.

condition of worth

According to Carl Rogers, _____ become the criterion by which people accept or reject their experiences.

conditions of worth

According to Carl Rogers, _____ exists when a person's organismic experiences are matched by an awareness of them and by an ability and willingness to openly express these feelings.

congruence

With regard to the therapy group, researchers discovered that the "normal" controls had a higher level of _____ than the therapy group at the beginning of the study.

congruence

Carl Rogers believed that when one of an individual's experiences in inconsistent with one part of his or her self-concept, he or she will behave in a(n) _____ manner in order to protect the current structure of his or her self-concept.

defensive

According to Carl Rogers, _____ is the protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it.

defensiveness

According to Carl Rogers, with _____, people refuse to perceive an experience in awareness, or at least they keep some aspect of it from reaching symbolization.

denial

According to Carl Rogers, the third necessary and sufficient condition of psychological growth is _____.

empathic listening

Carl Rogers believed that _____ exists when therapists accurately sense the feelings of their clients and are able to communicate these perceptions so that clients know that another person has entered their world of feelings without prejudice, projection, or evaluation.

empathy

According to Carl Rogers, the need to become more, to develop, and to achieve growth is called _____.

enhancement

Carl Rogers believed that the need for _____ the self is seen in people's willingness to learn things that are not immediately rewarding.

enhancing

According to Carl Rogers, the __________ ___________ is defined as one's view of self as one wishes to be.

ideal self

According to Carl Rogers, the second subsystem of the self is the _____.

ideal self

Out of the three levels of awareness identified by Carl Rogers, the first level involves events that are experienced below the threshold of awareness and are either _____ or _____.

ignored; denied

With regard to awareness, Carl Rogers believed that a compliment from another also implies the right of that person to criticize or condemn, and thus the compliment carries a(n) _____ for certain people.

implied threat

According to Carl Rogers, a source of psychological distress is _____, or when one's ideal self does not sufficiently overlap with his or her self-concept that can be represented in the goals a person chooses to pursue.

incongruence

According to Carl Rogers, the __________ between one's self-concept and one's organismic experience is the source of psychological disorders.

incongruence

According to Carl Rogers, the between one's self-concept and one's organismic experience is the source of psychological disorders.

incongruence

After therapeutic change, a congruent client becomes _____.

less defensive and more open to experience

In the early years, Carl Rogers approach was known as _____.

nondirective

According to Carl Rogers, a person develops a need to be loved, liked, or accepted by another person that can be referred to as _____.

positive regard

Carl Rogers was of the notion that as children become aware that another person has some measure of regard for them, they begin to value _____.

positive regard

According to Carl Rogers, _________ _________ is defined as the experience of prizing or valuing one's self.

positive self-regard

Carl Rogers believed that the source of ________ _________ lies in the positive regard that is received from others, but once established, it is autonomous and self-perpetuating.

positive self-regard

Carl Rogers's explanation for _____ is that when persons come to experience themselves as prized and unconditionally accepted, they realize, perhaps for the first time, that they are lovable.

therapeutic change

Carl Rogers believed that therapists have _____ when they are experiencing a warm, positive and accepting attitude toward what is the client.

unconditional positive regard