Chapter 10 Phys

Normal whole blood contains __________ g of hemoglobin per 100 mL.

12-18

Blood normally clots in approximately ________.

3-6 minutes

Severe shock that can be fatal occurs with blood loss exceeding ________.

30%

Place these leukocytes in order from the most common to the least common: 1) basophil 2) eosinophil 3) lymphocyte 4) monocyte 5) neutrophil

5, 3, 4, 2, 1 Neutrophil Lymphcyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil

The normal pH of blood is in the range of __________; therefore, a pH of 7.10 would be a condition called __________.

7.35-7.45; acidosis

The ion essential for blood clotting is

Calcium

Which of these is a plasma electrolyte?

Chloride

Which type of WBC increases during allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections?

Eosinophils The number of eosinophils increases rapidly during infections by parasitic worms (flatworms, tapeworms, etc.) ingested in food (raw fish) or entering via the skin. When eosinophils encounter a parasitic worm prey, they gather around and release enzymes from their cytoplasmic granules onto the parasite's surface, digesting it away.

Which of the following inhibits clot formation?

Heparin

The doctor sticks your finger, takes some blood, and does a WBC count. The count (12,500 cells/mm3) indicates leukocytosis. What could you conclude?

It is a high WBC count, indicating a bacterial or viral infection.

Which of the following is NOT a function of blood? 1. To regulate body temperature 2. To regulate pH 3. To transport nutrients 4. To increase fluid loss

To increase fluid loss

Calcium ions are necessary for coagulation to properly occur during hemostasis. True False

True

Vascular spasms, a part of process of hemostasis, limit blood loss during blood vessel injury. True False

True

Which of these indicates leukocytosis?

WBC count higher than 11,000 cells/mm3

White blood cells differ from red blood cells because only they contain ________.

a nucleus and most organelles

A persistent clot in an unbroken blood vessel is known as ________.

a thrombus

A protein in the plasma that contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood is __________.

albumin

Which of these functions to maintain osmotic and pH balance?

albumin

This image shows a sickled red blood cell. Which red blood cell disorder causes this misshapen cell?

anemia

Any substance the body deems as foreign is an __________ and the response molecules that react are called __________.

antigen; antibodies

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are alike in that they __________.

are granulocytes Leukocytes are nucleated cells, classed into two groups. Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes include monocytes and lymphocytes.

What is blood serum?

blood plasma minus the clotting proteins

Which ions are essential for blood clotting to occur?

calcium

The type of leukocyte pictured here is a monocyte. What is the function of a monocyte?

changing into macrophages that fight chronic infection Monocytes are phagocytes that change into macrophages when they enter tissues.

The formation of an insoluble clot during hemostasis is termed ________.

coagulation

What is the final step of hemostasis in which the formation of a blood clot is accomplished?

coagulation

What triggers the adherence of platelets to the wall of an injured blood vessel?

collagen fibers

Blood is a complex __________ tissue and is the only __________ tissue in the body.

connective; fluid

The living cells and cell fragments in blood are called the __________ elements and include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and __________.

formed; platelets

Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells __________.

have nuclei

Which of these is a function of erythrocytes?

helping transport carbon dioxide

The root word _____ means "blood."

hema-

Which of these is a normal value for whole blood?

hematocrit of 45%

All formed elements arise from a single type of stem cell named a __________.

hemocytoblast

The stem cell for all blood cells is the

hemocytoblast

What is the name of the stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements?

hemocytoblast

The molecule most responsible for carrying oxygen in blood is known as __________.

hemoglobin

Hereditary bleeding disorders that result from lack of clotting factors are referred to as ________.

hemophilia

What disorder is associated with deficiency of clotting factors?

hemophilia

Which of the following is a blood clotting disorder?

hemophilia

The process by which bleeding is stopped is called ________.

hemostasis

When oxygen levels are low, the __________ is/are stimulated to release __________.

kidneys; erythropoietin

The root word ____ means "white."

leuk-

Which blood cells are responsible for fighting infections?

leukoctyes

Alternate name for white blood cell

leukocyte

Excess numbers of these cells cause leukocytosis

leukocyte

a white blood cell

leukocyte

Accounting for about 1 percent of total blood volume, __________ form a protective, movable army to defend the body against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells.

leukocytes

Granulocytes and agranulocytes are classified as types of these cells

leukocytes

What type of blood cell is responsible for fighting infections?

leukocytes

In a centrifuged blood sample, the buffy coat between the formed elements and the plasma contains:

leukocytes and platelets

A recent blood test shows that Mr. Jimenez's total WBC count exceeded 11,000 cells/mm3. What is most likely his condition?

leukocytosis

Abnormally low levels of white blood cells causes a condition known as ________.

leukopenia

What term refers to a deficiency of white blood cells?

leukopenia Penia refers to a lessening, thus a low cell count.

Each of the following is a characteristic of red blood cells EXCEPT that they __________. 1. Are formed in the red bone marrow 2. contain hemoglobin 3. live about 30 days 4. are anucleate

live about 30 days Erythrocytes, or RBCs, have a life span of 100 to 120 days.

Which organ is largely responsible for the synthesis of clotting factors?

liver

The largest of all the white blood cells (WBCs) is the __________.

monocyte

The most numerous white blood cells are the:

neutrophils

In what type of patient would physiologic jaundice be diagnosed?

newborn baby

The root word ___ means "deficiency."

penia-

What type of anemia is associated with atrophy of the stomach mucosa in the elderly?

pernicious anemia

Composed of approximately 90 percent water, over 100 different substances are dissolved in this straw-colored fluid called __________.

plasma

Cell fragments that form from the rupture of a megakaryocyte

platelet

Type of cell fragment involved in hemostasis

platelet

Which of these formed elements is responsible for stopping bleeding?

platelet

Where does hematopoiesis produce new red blood cells:

red bone marrow

Which chemical is released to bring about vasoconstriction during the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis:

serotonin

Which of these is a genetic cause of anemia?

sickle cell

Which anemia is caused by a genetic mutation?

sickle cell anemia

Which one of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of blood:

sweet tasting

While blood typing, the sample is mixed with anti-A serum and anti-B serum. There is no agglutination. You could conclude that __________.

the sample is type O In blood type O, a blood sample will not agglutinate with either anti-A serum or anti-B serum. Agglutination occurs when RBCs of a group A person are mixed with the anti-A serum but not when they are mixed with the anti-B serum. Likewise, RBCs of type B blood are clumped by anti-B serum but not by anti-A serum. Type AB blood will agglutinate in both anti-A and anti-B serum.

The root word ____ means "related to clotting."

thromb-

The main protein involved in clotting is

thrombin

What enzyme joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into long molecules of fibrin during coagulation?

thrombin

Which clotting factor converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

thrombin

Each of the following occurs when blood clots after a cut EXCEPT __________. 1. clotting factors combine with calcium ions to form an activator 2. thrombin converts fibrin into fibrinogen 3. fibrin filaments trap cells to produce a clot 4. platelets react with clotting factors

thrombin converts fibrin into fibrinogen

a platelet deficiency.

thrombocytopenia

Why do you think Mrs. Gonzalez was prescribed heparin, an anticoagulant?

to inhibit the formation of clots

What does treatment of hemophilia often involve?

transfusion of plasma or injections of missing clotting factor

Which of these occurs first in hemostasis?

vascular spasm

Which one of the following represents the proper sequence of hemostasis

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Which one of the following represents the proper sequence of hemostasis?

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Placing pressure on a cut will constrict blood vessels manually, and encourages ________.

vascular spasms

Bleeding disorders can result from the lack of ________.

vitamin K

A woman with blood type O has a baby with type O. The father __________.

could be A, B or O, but could not be AB he ABO blood groups are based on which of two antigens, type A or type B, a person inherits. Absence of both antigens results in type O blood, presence of both antigens leads to type AB, and the presence of either A or B antigen yields type A or B blood, respectively. A woman with type O has two copies of the O gene. The baby must get a second copy of the O gene from the father.

A clot that breaks away from a vessel wall and circulates freely within the bloodstream is called a(n):

embolus

The root word ____ means "red."

erythro-

Excess of these cells cause polycythemia

erythrocyte

Immature form of this cell is called a reticulocyte

erythrocyte

Most common type of blood cell

erythrocyte

Type of cell produced in response to erythropoietin

erythrocyte

Type of cell that contains hemoglobin for gas transport

erythrocyte

red blood cell

erythrocyte

What is the most common type of formed element?

erythrocytes

Hematocrit is the percentage of:

erythrocytes in blood

The meshwork structure of a proper clot is due largely to the __________ threads that trap the red blood cells.

fibrin

This image shows the formation of a clot. What is the name of the insoluble molecule that must form to complete the process of coagulation?

fibrin

What long, hairlike molecules form the basis of a clot during coagulation?

fibrin