Chapter 11: Cannabinoids

9. Synthetic marijuana is also known as a(n)... a. synthetic cannabinoid. b. herbal marijuana alternative. c. e-liquid THC. d. endocannabinoid drug.

B

4. U.S. law now allows for using cannabis for medical purposes.

F

3. Dronabinol is a schedule 1 controlled substance.

F

10. The CB1 receptor is an ionotropic receptor.

F

15. Cannabis reduces neuropathic pain.

T

8. Which of the following tends to have the highest THC content? a. Reefer b. Joint c. Hashish oil d. Hashish

C

10. The sale of herbal marijuana alternatives using benign sounding names is likely due to... a. disguising them as a non-illicit substance. b. their far weaker effects than THC. c. their acceptance in many states for recreational use. d. their ability to be used for medical purposes.

A

15. The Anglican word for 'hashiinin' is... a. assassin. b. cousin. c. hyponotic. d. sleep.

A

19. A contact high from cannabis comes from... a. inhaling cannabis smoke from a nearby user. b. encountering cannabis residue on clothing or other material due to past use of cannabis. c. the added pleasure of using cannabis with other users in a social setting. d. adding synthetic marijuana compounds to a marijuana cigarette.

A

2. The varieties of cannabs consist of all of the following except... a. Cannabis sativa. b. Cannabis indica. c. Cannabis ruderalis. d. Cannabis potiguayis.

A

24. While smoking cannabis leads to quicker effects, oral consumption of cannabis leads to __________ effects. a. longer-lasting b. stronger c. different d. more enjoyable

A

25. The metabolite of delta-9-THC, 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC, does all of the following except... a. does not cross the blood-brain barrier. b. produces psychoactive effects similar to THC. c. indicates cannabis use. d. may impact the time course of effects from using cannabis.

A

3. Cannabinoids derived from cannabis plants are called... a. phytocannabinoids. b. endocannabinoids. c. trichobinoids. d. ethnocannabinoids.

A

31. Which cannabinoid compound is made naturally in the body? a. 2-arachidonoylglycerol. b. anrachidonic acid. c. cannabinol. d. endocannabidiol.

A

32. An inhibitor of the enzyme phospholipase D would likely... a. reduce levels of anandamide. b. increase levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol. c. reduce levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol. d. increase levels of anandamide.

A

39. Cannabinoid receptors are... a. G-protein coupled receptors. b. TRK receptors. c. ionotropic receptors. d. monotropic receptors.

A

40. CB1 receptors are found densely located in all of the following structures except... a. periaqueductal gray. b. basal ganglia. c. cerebellum. d. cerebral cortex.

A

42. CB2 receptors are located in the ... a. immune system. b. motor system. c. learning and memory systems. d. reward system.

A

45. CB1 receptor agonists may produce reinforcing effects by... a. increasing dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. b. increasing serotonin levels in the raphe nucleus. c. decreasing dopamine levels in hippocampus. d. activating opioid neurons in the ventral tegmental area.

A

49. Leptin may... a. reduce feelings of hunger. b. promote sleep. c. improve immune system functioning. d. cause reduced metabolism.

A

5. Modern cannabis cigarettes are referred to as ... a. joints. b. sticks. c. reefer. d. dabs.

A

52. The ability of a CB1 receptor agonist to reduce pain is related to which structure? a. thalamus. b. basal ganglia. c. nucleus accumbens. d. hypothalamus.

A

56. The following are found from the psychotic effects of cannabis except... a. occurs at concentrations lower than those that affect memory. b. occurs with both cannabis and synthetic marijuana. c. exhibits features of paranoia. d. users become suspicious of others.

A

57. A concern that cannabis use can lead to overall disinterest in engaging in work or effortful tasks is called... a. amotivational syndrome. b. drive inhibition disorder. c. alternative reinforcement expectancy. d. excessive inattention disorder.

A

65. Irritibility, anger, and decreased appetite occurring when a cannabis user does not have access to cannabis is likely an indication of... a. cannabis withdrawal syndrome. b. cannabis toxicity. c. stoned dysphoria. d. use of synthetic marijuana.

A

67. Many of the health risks with cannabis use suggests that... a. the vehicle for delta-9-THC can be harmful. b. delta-9-THC may cause cancer. c. cannabinoid compounds other than delta-9-THC may increase cancer risk. d. endocannabinoids may be an endogenous risk factor for cancer.

A

71. Cannabis used for treating medical conditions is referred to as ... a. medical cannabis. b. therapeutic hashish. c. liquid incense. d. therapeutic cannabis.

A

72. All of the following have been demonstrated to be legitimate medical uses of cannabis except... a. enhancing immune system functioning. b. managing adverse effects from chemotherapy. c. improving weight gain from disorders that diminish appetite. d. reducing neuropathic pain.

A

77. An advantage that cannabis may have over opioids for treating pain is... a. cannabis treats neuropathic pain. b. cannabis is legal to obtain whereas opioids require a prescription. c. cannabis is not an addictive substance. d. cannabis has fewer adverse effects than opioids.

A

11. WIN522122-2 and JWH-018 are both examples of... a. treatments for cannabis addiction. b. synthetic marijuana. c. antagonists for cannabinoid receptors. d. endocannabinoids.

B

16. The most common administration route for cannabis and cannabinoid drugs is... a. intravenous. b. oral. c. inhalation. d. sublingual.

B

18. A less elaborate water-pipe for smoking cannabis is generally referred to as a... a. cannabis pipe. b. bong. c. e-cigarette. d. hookah.

B

21. Which form of cannabis is likely to be baked into a dessert, like brownies or cookies? a. Synthetic marijuana. b. Hashish. c. Liquid incense. d. Marijuana.

B

27. Stronger effects from THC may occur from inhalation compared to oral consumption due to... a. more THC is found in smoked cannabis than orally consumed cannibis. bthe inhalation route bypasses first-pass metabolism. c. a more active form of THC is absorbed through smoked cannabis than orally consumed cannbis. d. THC molecules from smoked cannabis more quickly cross the blood-brain barrier.

B

30. An opioid produced naturally in the body is called a(n)... a. pseudocannabinoid. b. endocannabinoid. c. anandabinoid. d. neural-derived cannabinoid.

B

33. What effect would a blocker of vesicular transporters have on endocannabinoid neurotrasmission? a. Increased neurotransmission. b. No effect. c. Decreased neurotransmission. d. Increased concentration of endocannibinoids outside of the synaptic cleft.

B

36. Inhibition of the enzyme sn-1-diacylglycerol lipase would... a. decrease levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol. b. increase levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol. c. decrease levels of anandamide. d. increase levels of anandamide.

B

37. Inhibition of the enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase would likely... a. decrease levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol. b. increase levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol. c. decrease levels of anandamide. d. increase levels of anandamide.

B

43. The effects of cannabidiol are likely not mediated by CB1 receptors because cannabidiol... a. does not cross the blood-brain barrier. b. has a weak binding affinity for CB1 receptors. c. is rapidly catabolized by enzymes in the liver. d. is an antagonist for CB1 receptors.

B

46. The cardiovascular effects of THC consist of ... a. hypertension. b. increased heart rate. c. elongated heart beats. d. altered EKG patterns.

B

53. What effect would a CB1 receptor antagonist cause if administered directly to the thalamus and spinal cord? a. Depression. b. Increased pain sensitivity. c. Reduced hunger. d. Improved immune system functioning.

B

55. Studies find that the risk of schizophrenia is increased among those who ... a. use synthetic cannabinoid receptor antagonists. b. regularly use cannabis. c. regularly use cannabidiol. d. have abnormally high levels of anandamide.

B

58. In the study by Foltin and colleagues (1990) that examined amotivation syndrome in humans treated with cannabis, the researchers concluded that... a. an amotivation syndrome does occur from cannabis use. b. cannabis use made effortful tasks seem less effortful. c. users lost track of time and therefore engaged in more work. d. the effectiveness of reinforcers in the study was reduced.

B

61. A sense of accerated time from cannabis use is due to... a. increased activity in the cerebellum. b. reduced activity in the cerebellum. c. reduced activity in the thalamus. d. increased activity in the thalamus.

B

64. According to the DSM-5, regular use that leads to using more cannabis than intended, having cravings for cannabis, and using cannabis in place of normal activities is an indication of... a. cannabis withdrawal disorder. b. cannabis use disorder. c. cannabinoid addiction disorder. d. cannabis abuse.

B

68. A carcinogen found in cannabis is... a. benztropine. b. benzanthracene. c. broncodialate. d. ethylelecene.

B

70. Damage to the kidneys can occur from the use of ... a. marijuana. b. synthetic marijuana. c. delta-9-THC. d. hashish oil.

B

76. The effectiveness of cannabis for certain autoimmune diseases may be due to... a. effects that THC has on microglial cells. b. inhibition of immune system functioning. c. reduction of inflammation. d. lowering of nausea.

B

78. THC may be used in treatment for glaucoma by... a. improving neurotransmission in the optic nerve. b. reducing intraocular eye pressure. c. decreasing neuropathic pain. d. preventing autoimmune responses from damaging the eye.

B

79. Sativex is a one-to-one ratio of delta-9-THC and ... a. nabilone. b. cannabidiol. c. anandamide. d. WIN52212-2.

B

13. A condensed, hardened preparation of cannabis containing dried trochome resins is called... a. dab. b. synthetic marijuana. c. hashish. d. liquid incense.

C

14. Cannabis was once listed as a medicine in ... a. The Merck Guide to Medications. b. The Pharmacists Manual. c. The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America. d. The Physician's Desk Reference.

C

17. How might someone self-administer hashish oil by inhalation? a. Mix it into a tobacco blend and smoke it. b. Add the oil to an e-liquid container to use an e-cigarette. c. Add the oil to a volative solvent in order to inhale vapors coming from the mixture when heated. d. Adding it to a cloth in order to huff it.

C

22. Approximately what percentage of delta-9-THC is released in smoke from a cannabis cigarette? a. 0% b.25% c. 50% d. 100%

C

23. The finding that more delta-9-THC is vaporized from an e-liquid for an e-cigarette than from a lighting a cannabis cigarette suggests that... a. the chemical structure for delta-9-THC in an e-liquid has a lower vaporization point. b. users likely inhale e-cigarettes more deeply than they do cannabis cigarettes. c. e-cigarettes provide a more effective means of vaporizing THC. d. users are more likely to prefer smoking cannabis cigarettes.

C

34. Anandamide re-enters a neuron that released it via the... a. amino acid transporter. b. endocannabinoid transporter. c. anandamide transporter. d. diacylglycerol transporter.

C

4. While THC is the most active psychoactive compound, the presence of other cannabinoids in cannabis suggests that... a. they all produce the same effects as THC. b. THC's effects require the presence of other cannabinoids. c. THC may not account for all of the effects of cannabis. d. they are likely inert substances that do not contribute to the effects of cannabis.

C

41. Cannabinoids may reduce intraocular eye pressure by acting on CB1 receptors in the... a. hypothalamus. b. optic tract. c. eye. d. visual cortex.

C

44. Synthetic cannabinoid compounds normally... a. do not cross the blood-brain barrier. b. act outside of the central nervous system. c. have a higher affinity for CB1 receptors than endocannabinoids. d. bind to CB2 receptors.

C

54. By acting on the hippocampus, a CB1 receptor agonist can... a. improve contextual conditioning for cannabinoid use. b. reduce attention. c. impair memory. d. enhance pain sensitivity.

C

59. While a cannabis user feels stoned, he may feel an altered sense of time called... a. marking time. b. diminished time. c. accelerated time. d. pacing.

C

60. Administering a CB1 receptor agonist directly into the cerebellum would likely cause... a. reduced attention. b. memory impairment. c. a sense of acclerated time. d. increased hunger.

C

63. Tolerance to the following effects occurs from regular cannabis use except... a. memory impairment. b. motor coordination. c. increased heart rate. d. accelerate time passage.

C

66. The study by Georgotas and Zeidenberg (1976) suggests that... a. tolerance occurs very quickly, even for infrequent users. b. occasional use can lead to profound withdrawal effects. c. cannabis withdrawal syndrome occurs from extensive frequent use. d. tolerance does not occur from frequency cannabis use.

C

7. The following are features of using an e-cigarette instead of using cannabis products except... a. THC and/or other cannabinoids added to e-liquids. b. the compounds used in the e-liquid are vaporized. c. that nicotine in e-liquids weakens the effects of THC. d. this may be a safer means of inhaling cannabinoids than smoking a cannabis cigarette.

C

73. The prescription form of delta-9-THC is called... a. anabinol. b. cannabidiol. c. dronabinol. d. nabilone.

C

74. The ability of delta-9-THC to reduce nausea and vomiting has made it useful for... a. improving appetite. b. motion sickness. c. chemotherapy. d. autoimmune diseases.

C

8. The presence of endogenous cannabinoid receptors indicates that humans have adapted to using cannabis.

F

12. Dronabinol is the prescription form of... a. cannabidiol b. WIN52212-2 c. cannabinol d. THC

D

20. A contact high is likely due to... a. a placebo effect. b. using other substances, such as alcohol, while using a cannabis product. c. the psychological effect of using a drug among friends in a social setting. d. pychoactive cannabinoids present in cannabis smoke from another user.

D

26. Delta-9-THC has a long elimation rate due to... a. long occupancy of cannabinoid receptors. b. a slow ability to leave the brain through the blood-brain barrier. c. slow metabolism in the liver. d. accumulation in body fat.

D

28. THC that accumulates in body fat after administration will ... a. account for many of the medicinal effects of cannabis. b. alter body metabolism, causing users to feel hungry. c. increase body fat. d. become released into blood at a later time.

D

29. For THC, first-pass metabolism occurs in the... a. brain. b. stomach. c. kidney. d. liver.

D

35. Inhibition of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase would likely... a. decrease levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol. b. increase levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol. c. decrease levels of anandamide. d. increase levels of anandamide.

D

38. Endocannabinoids bind to ... a. endocannabinoid receptors. b. THC receptors. c. anandamide receptors. d. cannabinoid receptors.

D

47. The reddening of conjunctivae from cannabis use causes... a. an aversion to bright lights. b. memory loss. c. a runny nose. d. bloodshot eyes.

D

48. Reduced concentrations of endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus are associated with... a. fever. b. reward. c. thirst. d. hunger.

D

50. The effects of leptin on hunger may be similar to those produced by ... a. 2-AG. b. cannabidiol c. anandamide. d. a CB1 receptor antagonist.

D

51. The ability of CB1 receptor agonists to produce paranoia is related to which structures? a. basal ganglia and substantia nigra. b. hypothalus and amygdala. c. hippocampus and thalamus. d. ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens.

D

6. Dabbing includes the following except... a. inhaling vaports from hashish oil. b. dabbing a mixture with a glass or titanium rod. c. heating a hashish oil and butane mixture. d. carefully licking hashish oil mixture.

D

62. In a drug discrimination assessing the subjective effects of delta-9-THC in humans, the subjective effects of delta-9-THC are similar to... a. psychostimulants. b. benzodiazepines. c. opioids. d. none of the above.

D

69. The presence of benzanthracene and benzpyrene in cannabis suggests that... a. cannabinoids are metabolized in some cannabis plant species. b. antioxidants may further contribute to the reduced cancer risk from smoking cannabis cigarettes. c. THC cancels out the effects of carcinogens, making cannabis cigarettes safe to smoke. d. while THC may treat cancer, its vehicle may increase cancer risk.

D

75. Injecting delta-9-THC directly into a brain tumor was shown to... a. have no effect. b. increase the size of the tumor. c. reduce the size of the tumor. d. prevent further growth of the tumor.

D

80. All of the following are reasons for using medical cannabis versus a medication derived from cannabinoids except... a. cannabis users can carefully adjust their dosage, based on frequency they smoke and the manner they smoke. b. medications based on cannabinoids produce unpleasant effects compared to cannabis. c. other compounds in cannabis may be therapeutically beneficial. d. medical cannabis is seldom a controlled substance, making it easier to access.

D

1. Modern cannabis cigarettes have less THC content than in the 1960s.

F

11. Endocannabinoids tend to have a higher binding affinity for CB1 receptors than synthetic marijuana compounds.

F

13. An amotivational syndrome reduces the interest in using cannabis.

F

14. Cannabis is not considered an addictive substance because it does not produce withdrawal symptoms.

F

6. Less THC reaches the brain if cannabis is smoked.

F

7. The storage of delta-9-THC in body fat prevents all effects from delta-9-THC.

F

12. Delta-9-THC may produce an accelerated sense of time by acting in the cerebellum.

T

2. Dabbing involves inhaling vapors from hashish oil.

T

5. Feeling the effects of cannabis from secondhand smoke exposure is called a contact high.

T

9. The endogenous chemical anandamide is considered an endocannabinoid because it activates CB1 receptors.

T

1. Drugs that act on the cannabinoid system are called... a. THC. b. cannabinoids. c. cannabis-like drugs. d. cannabidol-like drugs.

b