Chapter 11 Computer Literacy

Machine Languages

A binary-based programming language, consisting only of 0s and 1s, that a computer can execute directly.

Application Lifecycle Management (ALM)

A broad term to describe complete systems that can be used to create and manage an application throughout its entire life cycle—from design through retirement.

High-Level Languages

A class of programming languages that is closer to natural language and easier to work with than a low-level language.

Fourth-Generation languages (4GLs)

A class of programming languages that is closer to natural language and easier to work with than high-level languages.

Low-Level Languages

A class of programming languages that is highly detailed and machine-dependent.

Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)

A collection of application development tools that have a common user interface and are used to develop and test software programs.

Source Code

A computer program before it is compiled.

COBOL

A high-level programming language developed for transaction processing applications.

Fortran

A high-level programming language used for mathematical, scientific, and engineering applications; originally called FORTRAN.

C

A high-level structured programming language that has the execution efficiency of an assembly language.

Java

A high-level, object-oriented programming language frequently used for Web applications.

Python

A high-level, open source, dynamic, object-oriented programming language that can be used to develop a wide variety of applications.

Dart

A high-level, open source, objectoriented programming language developed by Google and designed to replace JavaScript in Web applications.

Compiler

A language translator that converts an entire program into machine language before executing it.

Interpreters

A language translator that converts program statements line-by-line into machine language, immediately executing each statement.

Assembly Language

A low-level programming language that uses names and other symbols to replace some of the 0s and 1s in machine language.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

A markup language widely used for creating Web pages.

Variables

A named memory location defined in a computer program that is used to store the current value of a data item used in that program.

C++

A newer, object-oriented version of the C programming language.

XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language)

A newer, stricter version of HTML that is based on XML.

Control Structure

A pattern for controlling the flow of logic in a computer program, module, or method.

Programmer

A person whose job it is to write, test, and maintain computer programs.

Flowcharts

A program design tool that graphically shows step-by-step the actions a computer program will take.

Pseudocode

A program design tool that uses English-like statements to outline the logic of a program.

Logic Errors

A programming error that occurs when running a program produces incorrect results.

Syntax errors

A programming error that occurs when the programmer has not followed the rules of the programming language.

Scripting Languages

A programming language that is interpreted at run-time instead of being compiled.

Software Development Kit

A programming package designed for a particular platform that enables programmers to develop applications for that platform more quickly and easily.

JavaScript

A scripting language often used to add animation and interactivity to Web pages and Web applications.

Repetition Control Structure

A series of statements in a loop that are repeated until a particular condition is met.

Selection Control Structure

A series of statements in which the results of a decision determine the direction the program takes.

Sequence Control Structure

A series of statements that follow one another.

Application Program interface (API)

A set of commands, functions, and protocols used to help applications interface with a specific operating system, Web site, or device.

XML (Extensible Markup Language)

A set of rules used for exchanging data over the Web; addresses only the content, not the formatting of the data, and the content displays in an appropriate format based on the device being used.

Programming Language

A set of rules, words, symbols, and codes used to write computer programs.

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

A set of standard notations for creating business models; widely used for modeling object-oriented programs.

Language Translator

A software program that converts source code to object code.

Pascal

A structured, high-level programming language often used to teach structured programming, especially appropriate for use in math and science applications.

Markup languages

A type of language that uses symbols or tags to describe what a document should look like.

Visual Basic

A version of the BASIC programming language that uses a visual programming environment.

Wireframe

A visual representation of the overall design and logic of an application.

object-oriented programming (OOP)

An approach to program design in which a program consists of objects that contain data (attributes) and processes (methods) to be used with those objects.

Procedural programming

An approach to program design in which a program is separated into small modules that are called by the main program or another module when needed.

Aspect-oriented programming (AOP)

An approach to program design in which different functions are clearly separated so program components can be developed and modified independently from one another, and the components can be easily reused with separate, nonrelated objects.

Agile Software Development (ASD)

An approach to program design that uses short development cycles in order to produce small functional pieces of a program on an ongoing basis.

BASIC

An easy-to-learn, high-level programming language that was developed to be used by beginning programmers.

HTML5

The current version of HTML.

Object Code

The machine language version of a computer program generated when the program's source code is compiled.

C#

The newest, object-oriented version of the C programming language.

Problem Analysis

The phase of the program development life cycle in which the problem is carefully considered and the program specifications are developed.

Program Coding

The phase of the program development life cycle in which the program code is written using a programming language.

Program implementation and maintenance

The phase of the program development life cycle in which the program is implemented and then maintained, as needed, to remain useful.

Program Design

The phase of the program development life cycle in which the program specifications are expanded into a complete design of the new program.

Program debugging and testing

The phase of the program development life cycle that ensures a program is correct and works as intended.

program development life cycle (PDLC)

The process consisting of the five phases of program development: analyzing, designing, coding, debugging and testing, and implementing and maintaining application software.

Program Development

The process of creating application programs.

Debugging

The process of ensuring a program is free of errors.

Coding

The process of writing the programming language statements to create a computer program.