Chapter 11: Enlightenment: Science and the New Learning

Galileo's law of falling bodies proved facts about what phenomenon?

Gravity

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the Enlightenment's most outspoken critics for which reason?

He emphasized instinct over reason.

What did Jean-Antoine Houdon sculpt?

portrait busts and life-sized sculptures

What was the primary target of Hogarth's visual satire, The Marriage Transaction?

Arranged marriages for money and status

Why is Haydn's Symphony No. 94 known as the "Surprise Symphony"?

Because of an unexpected fortissimo instrumental crash on a weak beat in the second movement

What were the foundations of the Scientific Revolution?

Empirical method Use of mathematical theory Development of new measuring instruments

True or false: The philosophes were interested in developing new ideas, but felt that intellectual pursuits could not impact society.

False

Voltaire was the pen name for which author?

Francois Marie Arouet

Which statements about Voltaire are true?

He was educated by Jesuits. He condemned organized religion and religious fanaticism.

Neoclassicism was inspired and fueled by the archaeological excavations of which locations?

Herculaneum and Pompeii

Which of the following statements about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart are true?

His father was a composer He composed music as a child He performed in many concerts as a child

What makes Voltaire's Candide a work of satire?

His portrayal of Enlightenment optimism as naive.

What is true about William Hogarth and his prints?

Hogarth's prints were so popular that they were often pirated and sold without his consent.

The ideals expressed in the American Declaration of Independence were influenced most by which two thinkers?

John Locke & Charles Montesquieu

What principle by Isaac Newton stated that every particle of matter attracts every other particle of matter?

Law of universal gravity

What was a main topic in Johannes Kepler's New Astronomy?

Laws of planetary motion

What was the voyage on which slaves were transported between Africa and the America called?

Middle Passage

Jean-Antoine Houdon's sculpture is ______ in style.

Neoclassical

Which is true about Neoclassical architecture?

Neoclassical architects took inspiration from simple geometric shapes.

What can be said about the rise of newspapers and periodicals in the eighteenth century?

Prose style became more informal.

What was the foundation for the new social sciences that emerged during the Enlightenment?

Reason

A proponent of constitutional monarchy, Montesquieu advocated for what governing precept?

Separation of the powers of state

In the eighteenth century, what was the primary product for which Europeans enslaved African people?

Sugar

What scientific instrument did Galileo perfect?

Telescope

Which industry was transformed first in the Industrial Revolution (around 1700 to 1800)?

Textile manufacturing

What is so "surprising" about Haydn's Symphony No. 94 in G Major, known as the "Surprise" Symphony?

The sudden fortissimo in the middle of a quiet passage

Which of the following elements of The Oath of the Horatii mark it as Neoclassical in style?

The use of hard contours and somber colors The archaeological correctness of elements such as clothing and helmets The figures stand on a horizontal line of the picture plane

The American Declaration of Independence's expression of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" as "unalienable rights" is based on the Enlightenment concept of ________ law

natural

The belief that universal principles should govern human behavior was known as

Natural Law

Which of the following statements are true about music during the classical era?

Order and formality were emphasized over spontaneity and improvisation. Composers sought the patronage of wealthy aristocrats, at whose courts they often served.

John Locke's understanding of the mind as a blank slate meant that human knowledge was gained through what means?

Perceived experience

John Locke understood the mind as a blank slate, also known by what phrase?

Tabula rasa

Eighteenth-century genre paintings tended to reflect ______ values, like the contemporary novel and theater.

middle-class

Montesquieu condemned ________ as "unnatural and evil."

slavery

The instrument group that forms the nucleus of an orchestra is the

strings

The instrument group that forms the nucleus of an orchestra is the _________

strings

In France, the lower and middle classes were known as the ______ Estate.

Third

Who proclaimed that the American Revolution had done more to enlighten the world and promote freedom than any other event?

Thomas Paine

What does this painting, The Oath of the Horatii, depict?

Three brothers swearing to fight to the death to defend Roman liberty

What was the goal of Diderot's Encylopedie?

To transform society through knowledge

In the eighteenth century __________, music was made distinct from popular or folk music.

classical

René Descartes developed his philosophical ideas through _______ reasoning

deductive

Johannes Kepler proved that the orbits of the planets are ______.

elliptical

Francis Bacon promoted the use of direct, systematic observation for scientific discovery, or the _______ method.

empirical

How is Adam Smith generally known?

father of modern economics

In addition to its broader meaning, classical music refers to music composed between approximately what years?

1760 and 1820

Which facts are true about taxation in pre-revolutionary France?

All taxes were paid by the lower and middle classes. Almost four-fifth of a the average peasant's income was paid in taxes.

What natural disaster cast doubt on Voltaire's beliefs that a good God had created the universe or that humans were by nature rational?

An earthquake and tidal wave in Lisbon, Portugal that killed over 20,000 people in 1755.

The author of On the Workings of the Human Body was physician

Andreas Vesalius

What emerged in the eighteenth century?

Daily newspapers Magazines

Who was the publisher of the famous Encyclopédie?

Denis Diderot

What were the steps for proper reasoning, as advocated by Rene Descartes?

Do not accept something as true if you do not clearly know it to be true. Draw complete conclusions. Break a problem into parts.

Which social sciences emerged during the Enlightenment?

Economics & Sociology

True or false: Composers were directly inspired by the music of Greece and Rome.

False

True or false: Inductive reasoning begins with a known general principle and uses that to establish particular truths.

False

True or false: The philosophes were interested in developing new ideas, but felt that intellectual pursuit could not impact society.

False

How does Neoclassical architecture compare to earlier architectural styles?

It is geometric and austere

Who wrote: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

What rights are part of the Enlightenment concept of natural rights?

Liberty, Life, and Property

What were some of the social effects of early industrialization?

Long working hours under dangerous conditions

The author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was

Mary Wollstonecraft

Who were the eighteenth-century figures who explicitly argued for women's rights?

Mary Wollstonecraft & Antoine Nicolas de Condorcet

Newton's discoveries promoted the idea that the physical world could be described by what approach?

Mathematics

The term "___________" style derives from rocaille, the French word for ornate rock or shellwork that ornamented gardens or grottoes.

Rococo

What style emerged at the end of the Baroque era is described as rich in ornamentation, delicate and playful?

Rococo

What style of eighteenth-century visual art earned the disapproval of many philosophes, prompting Denis Diderot to demand an art that made "virtue attractive and vice odious?"

Rococo

Where did the philosophes develop and disseminate their ideas?

Salons in Parisian town houses

Neoclassicism differed from earlier revivals of classical ideals due to what circumstance?

Scientific studies of ancient ruins.

Which resulted within a few years from the end of the French Revolution?

The execution of tens of thousands of people The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen

According to Adam Smith, what is the primary basis for wealth in the natural economic order?

The labor of self-interested individuals

The 1700s saw the development of which of the following musical instruments?

The piano & clarinet

What principle of the Enlightenment helped to light the spark of the American Revolution?

The power of reason

Which are the characteristics of the paintings of Antoine Watteau?

The pursuit of pleasure The fleeting nature of love

Which composer was a child prodigy who wrote his first symphony at the age of eight and was able to write down entire compositions perfectly after hearing them played only once?

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Who painted this work, the Departure from the Island of Cythera?

Antoine Watteau